1
Q
Phylum ciliophora
A
includes protozoan parasites and free-living organisms that move using cilia—short, hair-like structures covering their cell surface
2
Q
Locomotion of ciliates
A
cilia
3
Q
2 Nucleis
A
Macronuclei: metabolism and daily activities
Micronuclei: reproduction
4
Q
Pellicle
A
flexible outer covering that maintains the shape of the cyst
5
Q
Cell mouth
A
Cystostome
6
Q
Asexual reproduction
A
Binary fission
7
Q
Sexual reproduction
A
Conjugation
8
Q
Exchange of genetic materials in two cilia
A
Conjugation
9
Q
Causes balantidiasis
A
Balantiduim coli
10
Q
New name of Balantidium coli
A
Neobalantidium coli
11
Q
- Largest protozoan parasite affecting humans
- Only ciliate known to infect humans
- Primarily associated with pigs (main reservoir host)
- Causes balantidial dysentery
A
Balantidium coli
12
Q
Motility of Balantidium coli
A
thrown ball, rotary motion
13
Q
Assists the food for the cytostome and creates water currents
A
Peristomal cilia
14
Q
is the mouth region of ciliates where food particles are collected before entering the cytostome.
A
peristome
15
Q
is the anal pore of ciliates where undigested food materials are expelled from the cell.
A
Cytopyge
16
Q
Removal of uningested food
A
egestion
17
Q
Transmission of Neobalantidium coli
A
ingestion of cysts in contaminated water or food
18
Q
Occurs in the small intestine
A
excystation
19
Q
Trophozoites inhabits the? (B. coli)
A
Large intestines
20
Q
Intestinal transport
A
encystation
21
Q
Tissue dissolving and is produced by TROPHOZOITES
A
hyaluronidase
22
Q
Breaks down hyaluronic acid in the connective tissue which can cause loosening
A
hyaluronidase
23
Q
Parasites can cause ulcers where in
A
cecum and sigmoid colon
24
Q
Bloody or mucus containing in stool
A
Balantidial dysentery
25
the opening of the ulcer at the intestinal surface is broad
Wide neck
26
the deeper part of the ulcer becomes rounded due to tissue destruction
Rounded base
27
Clinical Manifestation (B. coli)
- Balantidial dysentery
- Asymptomatic carrier state
- Abdominal pain
28
trophozoites invade and destroy the intestinal mucosa, ulcers may deepen until they penetrate the entire intestinal wall, and makes a hole
Intestinal perforations
29
Life threatening inflammation of the abdominal lining
peritonitis
30
Parasites invades the appendix
Acute appendicitis
31
Damaged the blood vessels and bleeding occurs in the intestines
Intestinal hemorrhage
32
Diagnosis of B. coli
- Microscopic identification of trophozoites or cysts in stool
- Direct fecal smear
- Concentration techniques (sedimentation or flotation)
- Bronchoscopy/sigmoidoscopy
- Bronchoalveolar washings
- Biopsy from lesions may show trophozoites
33
Treatment for B. coli
Tetracycline
34
Alternative treatment of B. coli
Metronidazole
35
Epidemiology
- Cosmopolitan
- areas with poor sanitation
- feces of pigs and piggy areas
36
Prevention and control ( B. coli)
- Proper sanitation
- Safe water supply
- Good personal hygiene
- Avoid contamination of food and water
- Limit contact with pigs and pig manure
37
Subphylum
mastigophora
38
Class
Zoomastigophora
39
Giardia intestinalis lives in:
- duodenum
- jejunum
- ileum
40
G. intestinalis causes epidemic and endemic diarrhea
giardiasis
41
First observed in 1681 in his own stool
Anton Van Leeuwenhoek
42
Described by G. lamblia in 1859
Vilem Dusan Lambl
43
Named Giardia lamblia in 1915
Charles Wardell Stiles
44
means the cell bursting because too much water enters it
hypotonic lysis
45
Middle line that separates the trophozoites
Axostyle
46
Motility of trophozoite (G. lamblia)
Tumbling or falling leaf motion
47
4 Pairs of flagella
- Anterior
- Posterior
- ventral
- causal
48
Active stage
Trophozoite
49
Infective stage
Cysts
50
Excystation of G. lamblia happens in
Duodenum
51
Encystation of G. lamblia happens in
Colon
52
Giardia lamblia causes
- Attachment to intestinal epithelium
- Mechanical irritation of intestinal cells
- Flattening of villi
- Crypt hypertrophy
53
Incubation period of G. lamblia
1-4 weeks
54
Rotten egg smell
Flatulence
55
usually in watery or diarrheic stool
trophozoites
56
more common in formed stool
cysts
57
Trophozoites and cyst are found by examination of (salt solution)
Saline wet preparations
58
Collected fluid from the small intestines
duodenal or jejuna aspirate
59
It detects IgM antibodies produced by the body against Giardia.
ELISA
60
mucus collected on the string may contain Giardia trophozoites
Enterotest
61
Gold standard for G. intestinalis
direct fluorescent antibody test
62
treatment for G. lamblia
Metronidazole
63
Cysts are resistant to chlorine
Giardia cysts
64
Absorption of water
vacuole
65
Excretion
Macrophages
66
Used by G. intestinalis to attach to GI lining
Ventral suckers
67
Host in G. muris
rodents
68
Host in G. canis
Dog or canines
69
Host in G. felis
Cat or felines
70
Host in G. equi
Horses only, not common in humans
71
Protozoan Infection of Trichomonas vaginalis
Trichomoniasis
72
- Sexually transmitted protozoan parasite
- One of the most common non-viral sexually transmitted infections (STIs)
- Found in the urogenital tract of humans
- Affects both men and women
Trichomonas vaginalis
73
Emergent portion of axon in Trichomonas vaginalis
caudal tip
74
Flagella used by T. vaginalis for motility
4 anterior flagella
75
76
attached to the undulating membrane, aiding motility through viscous fluids (T. vaginalis)
1 posterior flagella
77
Habitat of T. vaginalis (Female)
- Vagina
- Cervix
- Urethra
- Renal pelvis, may ascend
78
Habitat of T. vaginalis (male)
- Urethra
- Prostate
- Epididymis, occasionally
79
Transmission of T. vaginalis
- Sexual intercourse
- Commercial sex
- Trophozoites: person to person
- Parasite: Binary fission
80
Trophozoite in T. vaginalis is released through:
- Vaginal secretions
- Urine
81
Process of T. vaginalis
- Trophozoite in vaginal secretions
- Longitudinal binary fission
- Trophozoites in vagina or orifices of urethra
82
Incubation period of T. vaginalis
4–28 days
83
shedding of the epithelial cells in the vagina due to T. vaginalis
desquamation
84
Clinical Manifestations of T. vaginalis (Vaginal discharge)
Greenish or yellowish discharge
85
Clinical Manifestations of T. vaginalism (Itchy vulva)
Vilvitis
86
Clinical Manifestations:
- Painful or burning urination
- Caused by inflammation of urethra or adjacent vaginal tissues
dysuria
87
- Red punctate hemorrhages, giving a “strawberry-like” look
- Caused by capillary damage and inflammation from trophozoites
Strawberry cervix
88
Diagnosis T. vaginalis. Faster and inexpensive
Saline mount preparation, sensitivity 60-70
89
Diagnosis T. vaginalis (Gold standard)
Culture
- takes 2-5 days
90
Diagnosis T. vaginalis
(Staining)
- Giemsa
- Papanicolau (green trophozoite, blue nucleus)
- Acridine orange stain (trophozoite green and cytoplasm glow green or yellow)
91
Advanced Diagnosis (T.vaginalis) Pap smear
Sensitivity: 60%
Specificity: 95%
92
Advanced diagnosis (T.vaginalis)
Antigen detection
93
Advanced Diagnosis (T.vaginalis) useful for men
Polymerase Chain Reaction
94
Culture techniques (if negative yung test) Most common because it rapids the multiplication of trophozoites: Vaginal swabbing
Diamond's modified medium
95
Incubation of Diamond's modified medium
37 degrees celcius
96
Viewing of parasites in Diamond's modified medium
24-48 hours
97
Alternative culture medium for culture, Supports growth of trophozoites, especially in research or reference labs
Feinberg and Whittington Medium
98
- Commercial ready-to-use system
- Parasites can be seen directly under a microscope through the pouch window
- Pouch is sealed and incubated
- Swab from patient is placed inside the pouch
InPouch™ TV Test
99
Treatment for T. vaginalis
Metronidazole or tinidazole
100
Prevention for T. vaginalis
- less body count
- proper condom use
- simultaneous treatment for partner
101
- Live in the human body without causing disease.
- Usually considered commensals
Non pathogenic flagellates
102
- Non-pathogenic flagellate
- Exists only as a trophozoite stage
- Found in the cecal region of the large intestine
- Transmitted through fecal contamination of food and drinks
- Noninvasive and harmless
- Prevalence in the Philippines is less than 1%
Trichomonas hominis
103
- Found in the oral cavity, especially in dental tartar and gingival margins
- Transmitted through droplet spray, kissing, or contaminated utensils
- Considered a harmless commensal of the mouth
- Rarely associated with pulmonary infections in patients with lung disease
Trichomonas tenax
104
Lives in the host yet it does not harm the host
Commensal
105
TWO NON-HUMAN SPECIES OF TRICHOMONAS
- Treatment is expensive and not always effective
- Trichomonas foetus
- Trichomonas muris
106
- Lives in the cecal region of the large intestine
- Has trophozoite and cyst stages
- Transmission occurs through ingestion of cysts in contaminated food or water
- Harmless intestinal commensal
- Diagnosis is by microscopic examination of feces
- No treatment needed
Chilomastix mesnili
107
Lung dwelling species
Phylum myxozoa
108
- Whirling disease, disease in salmonid fish
- organisms that are developed in the cartilage of the head and spine
- Mortality is high in young fish
- True human infection is still unclear
Phylum myxozoa
109
Infective stage for P. myoxozoa
Spores
110
- Contains polar capsules with coiled filaments
- Helps the parasite attach to the host
Spores of P. myoxozoa
111
Can mimic the human spermatozoa, which can cause confusions
Spores of P. myoxozoa
112
Spores inclusions:
Polar capsules with coiled filaments
113
Lab diagnosis for P. myoxozoa
Stool - recovery of spores
114
Where the worm which ingested a myospore and develops
Actinosporean stage/ actinospore
115
Infected fishes releases this which can be taken or can infect aquatic worms
Myxosporean stage/ myxospore
116
Mode of transmission of P. myxozoa
Ingestion of fresh water Golden perch or Plectroplites ambiguous
117
Prevention and control of P. myxozoa
Prescreening of entering fishes
CLIN PARA - Semi final
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