PRIS 2 > Flies > Flashcards

Flies Flashcards

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1
Q

What order and family are nuisance and biting flies in?

A
  • order = diptera
  • family = muscidae
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2
Q

Why are nuisance and biting flies important?

A
  • they cause fly worry
  • vectors for disease
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3
Q

What are nuisance flies?

A
  • musca spp (house and face flies)
  • hydrotaea (head fly)
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4
Q

What are biting flies?

A
  • stomoxys (stable fly)
  • haematobia (horn flry)
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5
Q

What are identifying features of Musca spp (standard fly)?

A
  • 7.5mm long
  • sponge like mouthparts
  • thorax is grey with longitudinal stripes
  • abdomen is yellow and black striped
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6
Q

What can mucosa autumnalis cause?
What does it feed on?

A
  • fly worry in cattle
  • feeds on secretions from the eyes, nose, mouth and wounds
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7
Q

What does musca spp cause?

A
  • production losses
  • decreased weight gain
  • milk drop
  • all due to fly worry
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8
Q

What is the lifecycle for musca spp.?

A
  1. eggs laid in bovine faeces
  2. larvae
  3. pupae
  4. adult fly (500 eggs in lifetime)
  • overall 12 days minimum cycle (massively depends on heat and humidity)
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9
Q

What viruses do Musca spp transmit?

A
  • Coxsackievirus
  • Enteroviruses
  • Poliomyelitis
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10
Q

What bacteria do musca transmit?

A
  • B.anthracis
  • E. Coli
  • salmonella
  • shigella
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11
Q

What helminths do musca spp transmit?

A
  • poultry tapeworms
    -parafilaria
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12
Q

What species do hydroataea irritans - sheep head fly affect?

A
  • primarily a problem in sheep
  • numerous on cattle and horses in some areas
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13
Q

What are hydrotaea irritans vectors for?

A
  • summer mastitis (cattle)
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14
Q

What is the pathogenic significance of hydrotaea irritans in sheep?

A
  • swarms around head
  • causes self-inflicted damaged “broken head”
  • secondary bacterial infection or blowfly strike
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15
Q

What are the identifying features of hydrotaea irritans?

A
  • similar to house fly
  • olive green abdomen
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16
Q

What is the life cycle of hydrotaea irritans?

A
  • eggs are laid in decaying vegetation
  • adult files emerge in the summer
  • one generation per year
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17
Q

What is the importance of stromoxys calcitrans (stable fly)?

A
  • visiting biting fly
  • settles on host to feed
  • spends most of its time OFF host
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18
Q

What does Stromoxys calcitrans cause and what is it a mechanical and intermediate host for?

A
  • causes production losses, painful bite
  • mechanical transmission of bacteria, viruses and protozoa
  • intermediate host for Habronema
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19
Q

What are the identifying features of stromoxys calcitrans?

A
  • similar to house fly
  • forward pointing proboscis (biting fly)
  • thorax = grey and black stripes
  • abdomen = grey and black spots
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20
Q

What is the lifecycle of stomoxys calcitrans?

A
  • eggs laid on rotting straw
  • completed in 1 month, adult files live 1 month
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21
Q

What is haematobia irritans (horn fly)?

A
  • resident biting fly
  • spends most of its time on host (usually cattle)
  • rests on the dorsum
  • feeds on underside of animal
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22
Q

What does haematobia irritans (horn fly) look like?

A
  • similar to stable fly (smaller)
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23
Q

What is the lifecycle of haematobia irritans?

A
  • eggs laid in fresh cattle dung
  • adults emerge a week later
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24
Q

Why do haematobia irritans cause production losses?

A
  • annoying
  • bites cause skin wounds
  • pruritis which causes self-inflicted wounds
  • attract more flies
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25
What role does haematobia irritans play in disease transmission?
- mechanical transmission of bacteria and viruses - immediate host for Stephanofilaria
26
How can we control haematobia irritans in the environment?
- sanitation = dispose of manure, carcasses and rubbish - collect dung into heaps and allow compost - spray surface of dung with insecticide to kill adult files and larvae - biological control - spray in and outside farm buildings to kill adults in resting sites
27
How can we control haematobia irritans on the host?
- sprays - pour-on - spot-on - insecticide impregnated ear tags and tail bands - easier to control
28
What is the name of the family and order od horse files?
- order = diptera - Family = tabanidae
29
What do horse flies attack, when are they active and what do they cause?
- attack animals and humans worldwide - active on hot sunny days - inflict painful bites
30
What are the three genera of horse flies?
- tabanus - chrysops - haematopota
31
What are the identifying features of horse flies?
- medium-large flies (<2.5cm long) - biting mouthparts (females) - dark flies with colour on body and wings - large eyes - wing venation, closed discal cell
32
What is the lifecycle of horse flies?
- water based life cycle - eggs laid on leaves overhanging water - larvae fall in into water - return to land to pupate - one year life cycle
33
What are horse flies mechanical and intermediate hosts for?
- mechanical vector for bacterial, viral and rickettsial diseases - intermediate host for filarial disease and trypanosomosis
34
How can we control horse flies?
- difficult to control in breeding sites - use insecticides with long residual action on animals and animal housing
35
What is the order and family of midges (culicoides)?
- order = diptera - family = ceratopogonidae
36
What is the importance of culicoides?
- very small biting flies - attacks wide variety of animals + humans - worldwide - cause sweet-itch in horses - vector for viral disease
37
What are the identifying features of culicoides?
- small (2-5mm long) - dark coloured - arched thorax, humped-backed appearance - mottled wings
38
What is the lifecycle of culicoides?
- eggs laid on plants near water - larvae - pupae - adult fly - lifecycle takes 1 month to 1 year
39
What is the pathogenic significance of culicoides?
- painful irritating bites (females) - can cause immediate type hypersensitivity reaction, seasonally occurring allergic dermatitis "sweet itch" in horses
40
When are culicoides most active?
- most active late afternoon/early evening
41
What are signs of sweet itch?
- broken hair - scale and crust - alopecia
42
How can we control sweet itch in horses?
- hooded rugs - stable horses in the late afternoon/early evening in summer - topical fly repellents - difficult to control breeding sites (good drainage) - treat acute hypersensitivity reaction
43
What are culicoides vectors for?
- schmallenberg virus - blue tongue - African horse sickness - onchoncera spp
44
What are the order and family of the tsetse fly?
- order = diptera - family = glossinidae
45
What is the important of tsetse flies?
- found only in Africa - very important blood sucking fly - painful bites (males and females) - transmit trypanosomes - fatal disease in animals (nagana) and humans (sleeping sickness)
46
What are the current methods of tsetse control?
- aerial or ground spraying with insecticides - localised traps - sterile insect release
47
What is the order and family of black flies?
- order = dipera - family = simuliidae
48
What do black flies attack, when are they active and what do they inflict?
- attacks a wide variety of animals, birds and humans worldwide - active in the morning and evening - inflict painful bites (females) = anaemia
49
What are black flies a vector for and how are they controlled?
- vector for viral and parasitic disease - controlled by applying insecticide to breeding sites and clearing brush (resting sites)
50
What are the identifying features of simuliidae (black flies)?
- small black flies (2-4mm long) - hump-backed appearance (arched thorax) - short, hairless, antennae
51
What is the order and family of mosquitos?
- order = diptera - family = culicidae
52
What are the important genera of mosquitos?
- culex - aedes - anopheles
53
What are the identifying features of mosquitoes?
- small flies (2-10mm long) - biting mouthparts - slender body + long legs - narrow wings (scales on veins + rear margins)
54
What is the lifecycle of mosquitos?
- water based lifecycle - takes 2 weeks to several months - adults are most active at night
55
What animal diseases do mosquitos have a role in?
- rabbit myxomatosis - equine encephalitis - avian malaria - canine heartworm
56
How can we control mosquitoes?
- destroy breeding sites, drainage - insecticides - public education - future methods may include biological control and genetic engineering
57
What is the order and family of the sandflies?
- order = diptera - family = psychodidae
58
What is the veterinary importance of phlebotomus?
- warmer climates only - transmit leishmania spp
59
What are the identifying features of phlebotomus?
- resemble miniature mosquitos (1-3mm long) - hairs on wing margins and veins
60
What is the lifecycle of phlebotomus?
- eggs laid in the ground or cracks in the floor in urban areas - completed in 1-3 months
61
What is the the order and family of forest flies and sheep ked?
- order = diptera - family = hippoboscidae
62
Why are forest flies (hippobosca) of veterinary importance?
- biting fly of horses and cattle - found in southern England and Wales - biting caused irritation
63
What are forest fly mechanical vectors for and how do we control them?
- mechanical vectors for Trypanosoma theileri - control using tropical insecticides
64
What are the identifying features of forest fly?
- medium-sized fly (1cm long) - reddish-brown + yellow sports on thorax + abdomen - reduced wings (anterior veins) - biting mouthparts (normally retracted)
65
What is the lifecycle of the forest fly?
- adult deposit larvae in the soil which then pupate - yearly lifecycle
66
What is melophagus ovinus?
= sheep ked - biting fly of sheep (goats and deer) worldwide
67
What are the identifying features of sheep ked?
- medium-sized, hairy fly (6mm long) - brown thorax + abdomen - biting mouthparts (forward pointing proboscis mounted in short head) - strong legs + claws
68
Where does sheep ked spend the entire of its lifecycle?
- on the host (few weeks to months)
69
What seasons are sheep ked most active?
- autumn and winter
70
What can sheep ked cause?
- anaemia - wool damage (irritation and self-inflicted damage) - staining by ked faeces
71
What does sheep ked transmit?
- Trypanosoma melophagium (non-pathogenic)
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