Flight Operations

Question 1

In what consist the operations of Weight and Balance ?

Answer 1

Controll the weight loaded in the aircraft, Properly locate this weight inside the aircraft.

Question 2

What are the different reference weights used for Weight and Balance ?

Answer 2

• Max Take-off weight : Weight at the beginning of the take-off
• Basic empty weight : Basic aircraft weight + Weight of the optional equipment + Weight of the unusable fuel + Weight of the oil (sometimes) .
• Useful Load : Pilot , Passengers, Baggage, Fuel.
• Pay Load : Useful load – ( Crew including their equipment and fuel )
• Max ramp Weight
• Max Landing weight : Max permissible weight at landing ( not to damage the landing gear )
• Zero Fuel Weight : Maximum weight without fuel

Question 3

What are the normalised weights for passengers ?

Answer 3

Men ( Summer 200 lbs / Winter 206 lbs )
Women ( Summer 165 lbs / Winter 171 lbs )
Child ( Summer and Winter 75 lbs )
Infants ( Summer and Winter 30 lbs )

Question 4

What is the standard weight of the fuel ?

Answer 4

6 lbs per gallon / 1.59 lbs per liter

Question 5

What is the reference line ?

Answer 5

The point from which all the weights are measured.

Question 6

What is the CG ?

Answer 6

Point of equilibrium of all weights

Question 7

What is the moment formula ?

Answer 7

Moment = Weight × Arm

Question 8

What is the Center of Gravity Moment Envelope ?

Answer 8

A graphical representation of the center of gravity and the maximum weight of an aircraft.

Question 9

What happens if the plane flies at maximum weight ?

Answer 9

• Longer take off distance
• Lower cruising speed
• Longer landing distance
• Higher fuel consumption

Question 10

What happens if the CG is too far rear ?

Answer 10

• Stall speed reduced
• Better autonomy
• Stability reduced

Question 11

What happens if the CG is too far forward ?

Answer 11

• Stability increases
• Stall speed increases
• Harder to flare at landing

Question 12

What is the Ground roll ?

Answer 12

Portion to takeoff spent on the ground ( the length of the ground roll is affected by the wind and the runway surface ( paved, grass ).

Question 13

What is the take-off total distance ?

Answer 13

Distance to clear a 50 feet obstacle including the ground roll ( the distance from lift off to the 50 ft obstacle clearance is affected by the wind only ).

Question 14

What are the factors affecting the performance in cruise ?

Answer 14

• The density of the air
• The temperature
• The aircraft weight
• The CG location
• The power setting
• The flight configuration

Question 15

What implies flying at a speed used for endurance ?

Answer 15

It enables the Greatest time in the air for the quantity of fuel

Question 16

What implies flying at a speed used for range ?

Answer 16

It enables the Greatest distance travelled for the quantity of fuel.

Question 17

What is the Maximum Cruising speed ?

Answer 17

Best airspeed considering engine performance

Question 18

What is the Manoeuvering speed ?

Answer 18

Speed at which full deflection of control surfaces is possible without causing damage to the aircraft.

Question 19

What is the Best Glide speed ?

Answer 19

Highest distance covered per unit of altitude lost.

Question 20

What are the relevant informations to be collected before landing ?

Answer 20

• Runway length and orientation ( in CFS )
• Landing procedures ( in CFS, VTA and CAP )
• Weather conditions ( Wind , Ceiling and Visibility )

Question 21

What are the factors affecting the landing ?

Answer 21

• Runway length and surface ( Hard, Soft, Grass )
• Runway conditions ( Dry, Wet, Iced )
• Obstacles on approach
• Wind direction and velocity
• Wind shear / Gust
• Aircraft configuration
• Approach speed and use of power

Question 22

What is the Approach speed ?

Answer 22

Vso × 1.3

Question 23

What is the Wheel barrowing ?

Answer 23

Rolling to the nose wheel only, following an approach speed too high or too much forward pressure in control column.

Question 24

What is Bouncing ?

Answer 24

Flaring too high and hitting the surface flat. To recover it is important to regain control before problem amplifies and execute a missed approach.

Question 25

What is the Ground effect ( from a flight perspective ) ?

Answer 25

It's when the aircraft float for a long distance after flaring.

Question 26

What are the consequences on the visibility when it rains ?

Answer 26

Rain causes a distortion due to refraction. There is a danger of doing an approach too low ( At ½ mile from the runway , we have the impression that the runway -obstacles-are 200 feet lower than their real elevation).

Question 27

What is Hydroplaning ?

Answer 27

Loss of contact with the ground due to a thin layer of water under the tires.

Question 28

What is the breakdown for the crosswind operations ?

Answer 28

Crab aircraft to stay in line with runway. Use slip method to maintain aircraft aligned with runway while banking the aircraft against the wind thanks to the ailerons and the rudder. Use rudder to maintain the aircraft on the runway and ailerons to counteract the wind effect. Use the ailerons to counteract the wind effect while taxiing.

Question 29

What are the frequencies for radar assitance ?

Answer 29

126.7 and 121.5 MHz

Question 30

What is the minimum spacing between aircrafts to clear the wake turbulence effect ?

Answer 30

2 min

Question 31

What is the distance of landing to add/remove for an upslope /downslope runway ?

Answer 31

Upslope : remove 5 % | Downslope : add 10 %

Question 32

What are the two types of protection against icing ?

Answer 32

De-Icing : Type 1 , Type 2 heated, Type 4 heated Anti-Icing: Type 2 unheated, Type 4 Unheated ( longer hold over time ) Type 3 for shorter ground roll aircrafts ( rotation speed < 100 Kts )

Question 33

What is the CRFI ?

Answer 33

Canadian Runway Friction Index : The CRFI varies with runway surface conditions. The CRFI scale ranges from 0 ( no braking action possible, solid ice ) to 1 ( maximum braking possible ).

Question 34

What are the 3 types of hydroplaning ?

Answer 34

• Viscous : In case of a thin film of water and relatively low tire speeds. The water lubricates the surface and decreases traction. • Dynamic : In case of deeper water and results in complete loss of tire contact with the pavement. ( Minimum speed at which dynamic hydroplaning can occur :Non rotating tire = 7.7√P ,Rotating tire = 9√P with P pressure of the tire) • Reverted-rubber hydroplaning