Flight Operations and Performance

Question 1

FAA Certified Crosswind Limit

Answer 1

90º crosswind up to 20% of stall speed

Question 2

Canadian Runway Friction Index (CRFI)

Answer 2

• Alternate method for determining crosswind
• Posted in NOTAM’s
• Sometimes not available

Question 3

Contaminated Runway

Answer 3

• Standing Water, Slush, snow, frost or ice covering more than 25% of the required length and width of its surface
• May be considered shallow (less than 3 mm water or equivalent) or deep

Question 4

Upslope Runway

Answer 4

• Increased Takeoff Distance
• Decreased Landing Distance

Question 5

Downslope Runway

Answer 5

• Decreased Takeoff Distance
• Increased Landing Distance

Question 6

Clean Aircraft Concept

Answer 6

• Aircraft free of snow, frost, and ice
• Warm hangar is best place to decontaminate

Question 7

Type I Deicing Fluid

Answer 7

• Unthicken, applied hot
• Orange in colour
• Good at deicing but not at providing anti-icing

Question 8

Type II Deicing Fluid

Answer 8

• Thickened, can be applied hot for deice or cold for anti-ice
• Remains on wing during ground operations and comes off on takeoff roll
• Shouldn’t be used on aircraft with rotation speed less than 100 knots or else fluid won’t come off and will become a contaminant

Question 9

Type III Deicing Fluid

Answer 9

• Thickened with properties between type I and II
• Good for aircraft with rotation speeds less than 100 knots

Question 10

Type IV Deicing Fluids

Answer 10

• Usually green
• Same specs as Type II but with significantly longer holdover time

Question 11

Cold Soaking

Answer 11

• Caused by fuelling aircraft with cold fuel
• Greatly affects wing temp above
• Can cause ice to form and accumulate over time

Question 12

Airframe Icing Effects on Forces

Answer 12

• Can reduce lift up to 30%
• Can increase drag up to 40%

Question 13

If Icing is Encountered

Answer 13

• Turn 180º
• Land as soon as possible
• No steep attitudes
• Keep moving control surfaces
• Higher airspeed for approach, less flaps

Question 14

Tailplane stall

Answer 14

• Nose will drop
• PULL BACK
• Raise Flaps

Question 15

Roll Upset

Answer 15

• Ice blocks airflow over ailerons, un-commanded roll
• Lower nose
• Add Power
• Don’t retract flaps

Question 16

Wake Turbulence

Answer 16

• Move Downwards and Outwards
• Greatest when slow, clean config, and heavy
• Crosswind or light quartering tailwind will keep vortices over runway
• wait 2 minutes for wake turbulence to dissipate if unable to avoid

Question 17

Hydroplaning

Answer 17

• Wheels moving on a wet surface
• Water lifts wheel off ground

Question 18

Viscous Hydroplaning

Answer 18

• Thin film of water at low speeds
• Doubles Stopping Distance

Question 19

Dynamic Hydroplaning

Answer 19

• Deep Water
• Complete loss of contact of tire

Question 20

Reverted-Rubber Hydroplaning

Answer 20

• Locked tire skidding on icy or wet runway
• Tire heats and causes steam to lift tire off runway