Nur 110 > Fluid, Electrolyte 52 > Flashcards

Fluid, Electrolyte 52 Flashcards

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1
Q

Intercellular fluid

A

Within body cells

2/3 of body fluid in adults

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2
Q

Extra cellular fluid

A

Outside of cells

1/3 of body fluid

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3
Q

Two main compartments of extra cellular fluid ECF

A

Intravascular and interstitial

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4
Q

Intravascular fluid

A

Plasma

20% of ECF

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5
Q

Interstitial fluid

A

75% ECF

Surrounds cells

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6
Q

Other compartments of ECF

A

Lymph and transcellular fluids

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7
Q

Transcellular fluid

A

Cerebrospinal, pericardial, pancreatic, intraocular, biliary, peritoneal, synovial fluids

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8
Q

Electrolytes

A

Capable of conducting electricity

Example: Na+ and Cl-

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9
Q

Cations

A

Positive charge

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10
Q

Anions

A

Negative charge

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11
Q

Milliequivalent

A

Refers to the chemical combining power of the ion
Or
Capacity of cations to combine with anions to form molecules

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12
Q

Laboratory tests usually use…

A

Plasma. This reflects what is happening in ECF, especially intravascular fluid

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13
Q

ICF cations and anions

A

Cations: potassium and magnesium
Anions: phosphate, sulfate

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14
Q

Selectively permeable

A

Water moves easily through, but other substances vary.

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15
Q

Solutes

A

Substances dissolved in a liquid

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16
Q

Crystalloids

A

Salts that dissolve readily into true solutions

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17
Q

Colloids

A

Substances like large proteins that do not readily dissolve into true solutions

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18
Q

Solvent

A

Component of a solution that can dissolve a solute

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19
Q

Body solvent

A

Water

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20
Q

Body solutes

A

Electrolytes, gases, urea, amino acids, proteins

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21
Q

Osmolality

A

Concentrations of solutes in body fluids

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22
Q

Water is vital for normal cellular function

A 
Medium for metabolic reactions
Transporter for nutrients and wastes
Lubricant
Insulates, shocks
Body temperature
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23
Q

Isotonic

A

Same osmolality as ECF

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24
Q

Hypertonic

A

Higher osmolality than ECF

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25
Hypotonic
Lower osmolality thanECF
26
Osmotic pressure
Power of a solution to pull water across a semipermeable membrane
27
Colloid osmotic pressure or inciting pressure
Plasma proteins exert osmotic pressure. Hold water in plasma and in their vascular compartment
28
Diffusion
Two solutes of different concentrations are separated by a semipermeable membrane
29
Osmosis
Water moves across cell membranes from area of less concentration to area of more concentration (of solutes)
30
Filtration
Fluid and solutes move across a membrane from an area of higher pressure to lower pressure
31
Example of filtration
Fluid and nutrients from capillaries to interstitial fluid
32
Filtration pressure
Pressure that results in movement of fluid and solutes out of a compartment
33
Hydrostatic pressure
Pressure exerted by a fluid within a closed system on the walls of the container in which it is contained Blood on vessel walls
34
Active transport
Movement of solutes across cell membrane from a less concentrated area to a more concentrated one
35
Active transport important to
Sodium snd potassium ion concentration of ECF and ICF
36
Thirst center of brain
Hypothalamus | Angiostensin ( reduced blood flow to kidneys)
37
Normal urine output
1400 to 1500 mL daily
38
Feces
Amount of chyme enters intestine. 1500 mL daily | 100 ml reabsorbed
39
Insensible losses
Through skin and lungs | 300-400 mL daily
40
Obligatory losses
Fluid losses required to maintain body function 500 ml through kidneys 1300 ml total daily
41
Kidneys
Primary regular of body fluids and electrolyte balance
42
ADH
Regulates water excretion from kidneys
43
Renin- angiotensin - aldosterone system
Neuroendocrine system helps maintain fluid balance
44
Atrial natriuretic factor
Atrium of heart, responds to stretching and excess fluid volume
45
Atrial natriuretic factor on thirst
Inhibits thirst, reducing fluid intake
46
Electrolytes are important for
Maintaining fluid balance Acid-base regulation Enzyme reactions Transmit neuromuscular reactions
47
Sodium
Most abundant cation in EFC. Controls serum osmolality
48
Normal sodium levels
135- 145 mEq/ L
49
Potassium
Major cation in ICF. Must ha e for neuromuscular response to stimuli
50
Calcium
99% in bones, other in ECF. Cardiac function, neuromuscular function
51
Calcitonin
Reduce calcium in blood
52
Parathyroid hormone
Release calcium from bones
53
Total serum calcium level
8.5 to 10.5 mg/dL | Bound and unbound calcium
54
Magnesium
Second most abundant cation in skeleton and ICF | ** intracellular metabolism, ATP production***
55
Normal magnesium in ECF
1.5 to 2.5 mEq/ L
56
Magnesium in ECF
Neuromuscular and cardiac function
57
Ways to get magnesium
Cereal grains, nuts, dried fruit, green leafy veggies, dairy, meat, fish
58
Ways to get potassium
Body cannot preserve it | Fruits, veggies, meat, fish
59
Chloride
Major anion of ECF | Regulates serum osmolality and blood volume
60
Normal serum levels for chloride
95- 108 mEq/L
61
Chloride found here
Follows sodium Gastric juice Buffer in exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide
62
Phosphate
Major anion of ICF. Also found in bone, skeletal muscle and nerve tissue, ECF
63
Normal phosphate serum levels
2.5- 4.5 mg/dL
64
Who has more phosphate?
Newborns, children | Growth
65
Where to get phosphate
Meat, fish, poultry, milk, legumes
66
Bicarbonate
In both ECF and ICF. Regulating acid/base balance. Buffering
67
Who regulates bicarbonate?
Kidneys
68
Where to get bicarbonate
Produced through metabolic process
69
Acid
Substance that releases hydrogen ions in a solution
70
Bases
Low hydrogen ion concentration, can accept hydrogen ions in a solution
71
pH
Inverse reflection of hydrogen ion concentration
72
Water has a pH of
7, neutral
73
Normal pH of arterial blood
7.35-7.45
74
Buffers
Bind or release hydrogen ions
75
Major buffer in ECF
Bicarbonate and carbonic acid system
76
Acidosis
pH drops. Bicarbonate depleted in neutralizing acid
77
Alkalosis
pH rises. Adding a strong base depletes carbonic acid
78
Respiratory regulation
Eliminating or retaining carbon dioxide.
79
Carbonic acid breaks down into
Carbon dioxide and water
80
Renal regulation
Kidneys are ultimate long term regulator of acid-base balance. Slower response, longer lasting
81
How kidneys regulate acid-base balance
Excretion or conserving bicarbonate and hydrogen ions
82
Factors affecting body fluid, electrolytes, and acid-base balance
Age, sex, body size, environmental, lifestyle
83
Two basic types of fluid imbalances
Isotonic and osmolar
84
Isotonic imbalances
Water and electrolytes are lost or gained in equal proportions. Osmolality of body fluids remains constant
85
Osmolar imbalances
Loss or gain of only water, osmolality of serum is altered
86
Hyperosmolar imbalance
Dehydration.
87
Hypo osmolar imbalance
Over hydration
88
Fluid volume deficit | FVD
Body loses water and electrolytes from ECF in similar proportions
89
Hypovolemia
In FVD, fluid is initially lost from intravascular compartment
90
FVD usually happens when
Abnormal loss through skin, GI, kidney Decreased fluid intake, Bleeding, third space syndrome
91
Third space syndrome
Fluid shifts from vascular space where it is not accessible
92
Third spacing has two distinct phases
Loss and reabsorption
93
Fluid volume loss
Body retains both water and sodium in similar proportions to normal ECF
94
Hypervolemia
Increased blood volume
95
FVE is always secondary to
Increase in body sodium content
96
Causes of FVE
Excessive intake of sodium chloride Administering sodium solution too fast Disease that changes regulatory mechanisms
97
Edema
Excess interstitial fluid
98
Causes of edema
Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure, decreased serum osmotic pressure, increased capillary permeability
99
Dehydration
Hypersomolar fluid imbalance. No water, excess sodium
100
Over hydration
Hypo osmolar fluid imbalance. Water and electrolytes gained. Low osmolality low sodium
101
Hyponatremia
Sodium deficit. Water drawn into interstitial spaces and cells (edema in brain)
102
Hypernatremia
Excess sodium. Fluid moves into the ECF. Cells are dehydrated
103
Hypokalemia
Potassium deficit
104
Hyperkalemia
Potassium excess
105
Potassium must ALWAYS
Be diluted properly
106
Potassium must NEVER
Be given IV push
107
Compensation
Healthy regulatory systems will attempt to correct acid-base imbalance
108
Respiratory acidosis
pH falls below 7.35 | Carbon dioxide retention
109
Respiratory alkalosis
Hyperventilating pH rises Loss of carbonic acid falls
110
Metabolic acidosis
``` pH falls Low bicarbonate levels Higher carbonic acid Renal failure Starvation Ketoacidosis ```
111
Metabolic alkalosis
Too much bicarbonate
112
Normal serum osmolality
280-300 mOsm/kg water
113
Hematocrit
Measures percentage of the volume of whole blood that is actually RBC
114
BUN
Blood, urea, nitrogen | Serum osmolality
115
Specific gravity
Indicator of urine concentration that correlates with urine osmolality
116
Normal specific gravity
1.005 to 1.030
117
Arterial blood gases
Acid base balance and oxygenation
118
Volume expanders
Increase blood volume after severe blood loss
119
Peripherally inserted central venous catheter PICC
Inserted through basilic or cephalic vein | Tip rests in superior Vena cava
120
CVAD | Central venous access device
Lower one third of superior vena cava, above right atrium
121
Trousseau sign
Hypo calcium | Spasm of hand and wrist
122
Chvostek sign
Hypocalcemia | Spasm of wrist
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