FLUIDS & ELECTROS

Question 1

CHLORIDE
Normal Range:

Answer 1

98-106 mEq/L

Question 2

• Most abundant extracellular anion
• Works with sodium to maintain fluid balance
• Binds with hydrogen ions to form stomach acid - HCl

Answer 2

CHLORIDE

Question 3

• Stored in the bones & cartilage
• Plays a major role in skeletal muscle contraction & ATP formation
• directly related to calcium because it is necessary for PTH
  production.

Answer 3

MAGNESIUM

Question 4

PHOSPHATE
Normal range:

Answer 4

3-4.5 mEq/l

Question 5

POTASSIUM
Normal Range:

Answer 5

3.5-5 mEql/L

Question 6

• Large component of bones and teeth
• Has an inverse relationship with calcium

Answer 6

PHOSPHATE

Question 7

CALCIUM
Normal range:

Answer 7

9-10 mg/dL

Question 8

• Most abundant intracellular cation
• Important in muscle contraction, nerve impulses, & acid-base imbalances

Answer 8

POTASSIUM

Question 9

• Most abundant extracellular cation
• Water likes to always moves to the area with high
  concentrations of electrolytes

Answer 9

SODIUM

Question 10

• Regulated by PTH and vitamin D
• Has an inverse relationship with phosphorus

Answer 10

CALCIUM

Question 11

SODIUM
Normal range:

Answer 11

135-145 mEq/L

Question 12

MAGNESIUM
Normal range:

Answer 12

1.5-2.5 mEq/L

Question 13

• Excessive intake of calcium
  -Hyperparathyroidism
• Excessive Vitamin D intake
• Vitamin D toxicity
• Cancer of the bones
• Immobility

Answer 13

HYPERCALCEMIA

Question 14

• Renal failure
• Acute pancreatitis
• Malnutrition
• Malabsorption
• Celiac disease
• Crohn’s disease
• Alcoholism
• Bulimia
• Vitamin D deficiency
• Hypoparathyroidism
• Hyperphosphatemia
• Glucocorticoids

Answer 14

HYPOCALCEMIA

Question 15

seen in the face when facial muscles twitch after the facial nerve is tapped lightly on the upper cheek, (just in front of the ear); low calcium

Answer 15

Chvostek’s sign

Question 16

occurs with the contraction of the muscles in the hand and wrist (i.e., carpopedal spasm). This is seen after you put a blood pressure cuff on a client; low calcium

Answer 16

Trousseau’s sign

Question 17

• Excessive dietary intake
• Too many magnesium
  containing medications
• Over-correction of
  hypomagnesemia
• Renal failure

Answer 17

HYPERMAGNESEMIA

Question 18

• Alcoholism
• Malnutrition
• Malabsorption
• Hypoparathyroidism
• Hypocalcemia
• Diarrhea

Answer 18

HYPOMAGNESEMIA

Question 19

• Burns or tissue damage
  (potassium forced out of the
  damaged cells)
• DKA
• Renal failure
• Excessive potassium intake
• ACE inhibitors and ARBs
• Potassium-sparing diuretics

Answer 19

HYPERKALEMIA

Question 20

• DRUGS: laxatives, diuretics, corticosteroids
• INADEQUATE K+ intake: NPO, eating disorders, alcoholism
• Too much water: polydipsia, excessive IVF
• Cushing’s Syndrome: too much cortisol, Na/H2O retention, K+ secretion
• Heavy Fluid loss: NGT suction, vomiting, diarrhea, wound drainage, sweating
• Alkalosis
• Hyperinsulinism

Answer 20

HYPOKALEMIA

Question 21

• Fluid loss
  Dehydration
  Vomiting
  Sweating
• Steroids
  Cushing’s disease
  Excess corticosteroid
  administration
• Excess chloride administration
  NORMAL SALINE!

Answer 21

HYPERCHLOREMIA

Question 22

• Volume overload
• CHF
• Water intoxication
• Salt losses
• Burns
• Sweating
• Vomiting
• Diarrhea
• Cystic Fibrosis
• Addison’s Disease

Answer 22

HYPOCHLOREMIA

Question 23

• Excessive dietary intake of
  phosphorus
• Tumor lysis syndrome
• Renal failure
• Hypoparathyroidism →
  Hypocalcemia →
  Hyperphosphatemia

Answer 23

HYPERPHOSPHATEMIA

Question 24

• Malnutrition
• Alcoholism
• TPN
• Hyperparathyroidism →
  hypercalcemia →
  hypophosphatemia

Answer 24

HYPOPHOSPHATEMIA

Question 25

- Diabetes insipidus - Increased insensible water loss from hyperventilation, sweating, and/or fever - Hypertonic IVF - Sodium bicarbonate - Increased sodium intake - Corticosteroids - Cushing’s disease - Hyperaldosteronism - Vomiting - Diarrhea - Dehydration - Osmotic Diuretics - Burns - NPO

Answer 25

HYPERNATREMIA

Question 26

- SIADH - Adrenal insufficiency - Addison’s disease - Polydipsia - Excessive hypotonic IVF - Low sodium intake - CHF - Kidney Failure - Nephrotic syndrome - Liver Failure - Water intoxication - Vomiting - Diarrhea - NG over suctioning - Diuretics - Burns - Excessive sweating

Answer 26

HYPONATREMIA