1
Q
used for examination
of moving internal
structures and fluids
A
fluoroscope
2
Q
real -time imaging, video imaging and digital fluoroscopy
A
cineradiography
3
Q
COMPONENTS OF
FLUOROSCOPE
A
- X-RAY GENERATOR
- X-RAY TUBE
- IMAGE INTENSIFIER
- FOCUSING LENSES
- VIDEO CAMERA
- CHARGED-COUPLED DEVICE (CCD)
4
Q
selection of (mA) and (kvp)
A
X -RAY GENERATOR
5
Q
Converts electrical energy
provided by the generator
into an x-ray beam.
A
X-RAY TUBE
6
Q
Converts incident x-rays
into a minified visible light
image.
A
IMAGE INTENSIFIER
7
Q
Used to converge image
A
FOCUSING LENSES
8
Q
To record image
A
VIDEO CAMERA
9
Q
Capture real-time image and display
A
CHARGED-COUPLED DEVICE
10
Q
TYPES OF X-RAY TUBES
A
Radiographic X-ray Tube
Fluoroscopic X-ray Tube
11
Q
- attached to an overhead movable crane assembly that permits easy positioning of the tube and aiming of the x-ray beam
A
Radiographic X-ray Tube
12
Q
Located under the examining table
A
Fluoroscopic X-ray Tube
13
Q
- complex electronic device that receives the image-forming x-ray beam and converts it into a visible light image of high intensity
- Converts the pattern of the x-ray beam into a bright visible light.
- approx 20 cm long
- potential diff is 25,000V
A
IMAGE INTENSIFIER TUBE
14
Q
- During fluoroscopy, the Bucky tray is moved to the end of the table
- This leaves an opening in the side of the table about 5 cm
- The opening should automatically be covered with at least
0.25 mm lead (Pb equivalence)
A
BUCKY SLOT
COVER
15
Q
- X-rays that exit the patient,
interacts with the__, which is made up of Cesium lodide (Cs). Xrays from __ is converted to visible light.
A
INPUT PHOSPHOR
16
Q
- Is a thin metal layer usually
composed of CESIUM and ANTIMONY compounds. - Bond directly to the input
phosphor by a transparent thin
layer of adhesive. - Emits electrons when illuminated
by the input phosphor.
A
PHOTOCATHODE
17
Q
- Is the site where the accelerated
electrons interact and produce
light. - Xray-o light
- Made up of Zinc Cadmium Sulfide
A
OUTPUT PHOSPHOR
18
Q
- Grown as a tiny needles
and are tightly packed in a
layer approx.
300 micrometer - Each crystal is approx.
5micrometer in diameter.
A
CESIUM IODIDE (Csl)
19
Q
- Located at the neck of the image intensifier
- Circular plate with a hole in the middle, so electron can pass through to the phosphor.
- Potential difference; 25, 000 V
- Draws electrons from the photocathode and accelerates them toward the output screen.
A
ACCELERATING ANODE
20
Q
- Provide considerably greater flexibility in all fluoroscopic examinations
- Trifield tubes come in various sizes, most common is 25, 17, 12 centimeters
- “__ produce different magnification of the image”
A
MULTIFIELD IMAGE
INTENSIFICATION
21
Q
- Dead-man type of exposure
- Bucky opening and protective
curtain is covered with 0.25mm
(Pb) lead
A
FLUOROSCOPY
22
Q
- Is like THERMIONIC EMISSION - electron emission that follows the heat stimulation.
- Whereas, ___ is electron emission that follows light stimulation.
A
PHOTOEMISSION
23
Q
number of electrons emitted by the
photocathode is ____ proportional to the intensity of the light that reaches it
A
directly
24
Q
- This lenses helps prevent diverging of the x-ray beams as they travel cathode to anode.
- This process is also known as
minification - the pattern from large
cathode end of lI tube must be reduced to small output phosphor
A
ELECTROSTATIC FOCUSING LENS
25
* Also called "Scattering of light"
* A process that can reduce the contrast of image - intensifier tube.
* Internal scatter radiation in the form of x-rays, electron and particularly light.
VEILING GLARE
26
X-rays --> light
Input phosphor (Csl)
27
- Photoemission
- Light --> electron beam
Photocathode
28
Maintain and minify e
Electrostatic lenses
29
Attracts e in beam
Anode
30
e --> light
Output phosphor (ZnS-CdS)
31
diagnostic technique in which the camera is used to record images of internal body structures produced through radiography fluoroscopy
CINEFLUOROSCOPY
32
photographic recording of fluoroscope image.
PHOTOFLUOROSCOPY
33
PROCEDURE USED TO DETECT OR SCREEN BREAST CANCER
MAMMOGRAPHY
34
2 TYPES OF MAMMOGRAPHY
- SCREENING MAMMOGRAPHY
- DIAGNOSTIC MAMMOGRAPHY
35
Performed on asymptomatic women with a use of two-views protocol, cranial, caudad and medial lateral oblique to detect unsuspected cancer.
SCREENING MAMMOGRAPHY
36
Performed on patients with symptoms or elevated risk factors. Two or three views maybe required.
DIAGNOSTIC MAMMOGRAPHY
37
Procedure used to take images of teeth, bones or soft tissue around them, in order to diagnosed, plan treatment and monitor both treatments and lesions development
DENTAL X-RAY
38
COMPONENTS OF A
CINEFLUOROSCOPY:
- Synchronization with the x-ray
pulses
- Two film sizes: __ and __
- Framing frequency of __Hz
16mm and 35mm
60Hz
39
A medical examination performed using magnetic resonance imaging.
MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING (MRI)
40
MRI discovered by ____ in ___
Nikola Tesla in 1882
41
All MRI machines are calibrated in -__ unit
Tesla
42
* A practice of exposing a disease to various types of radiation while also trying to protect the unaffected parts of the patient's body from radiation exposure.
* Treatment of a disease particularly malignant tumors or cancer using ionizing radiation.
RADIATION THERAPHY
43
TWO TYPES RADIATION THERAPHY
- EXTERNAL, BEAM RADIATION
THERAPY (BBRI)
- BRACHYTHERAPHY
44
uses radioactive substances which
are directly applied within or
near the tumor.
BRACHYTHERAPHY
45
radiation source is at far distance from the body
EXTERNAL, BEAM RADIATION
THERAPY (BBRI)
46
THREE TYPES OF MAINTENANCE
* CORRECTIVE MAINTENANCE
* PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE
* BREAKDOWN MAINTENANCE
47
- This type of maintenance includes such as repair, replacement, or restore in order to eliminate the source of the failure.
- advantage is increased component operational file
CORRECTIVE MAINTENANCE
48
- This type of maintenance is undertaken as per schedule before breakdown of a system of equipment.
- it is design to retain the healthy condition of the equipment and prevent failure through the prevention of deterioration, periodic inspection or equipment condition diagnosis.
Disadvantages:
1. Catastrophic failure is at risk
2. Labor is intensive
PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE
49
* is the oldest type
* allows the equipment to operate until it fails before it is repaired or replaced.
BREAKDOWN MAINTENANCE
50
DAILY QUALITY CONTROL STEPS:
1. TURN ON THE MONITOR AND ALLOW IT TO WARM-UP
2. EVALUATE LUMINANCE, REFLECTION, NOISE AND GLARE
3. MAKE SURE THAT THE MONITOR IS DUST-FREE ON VIEWING.
51
RADIOGAPHIC EQUIPMENTS
WHERE THE QC PROGRAM IS
USEFUL
1. REPRODUCIBILITY
2. LINEARITY
3. POSITIVE BEAM LIMITATION OR AUTOMATIC COLLIMATION
52
TESTED DURING CALIBRATION
PERFORMED BY A SERVICE PERSON:
1. timer
2. kVp
3. mAs
4. Distance
53
TESTED DURING CALIBRATION IN AN X-RAY MACHINE:
1. mAs
2. kVp
3.X-ray tube
54
combination of X-rays and computer technology to produce images of the inside of the body, It shows dehilted images of any part of the body. including the bones, muscles, fat, organs and blood vessels.
COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY SCAN
(CT-SCAN)
55
MAGNIFICATION MODE
RESULTS IN:
1. Better spatial resolution
2. Better contrast resolution
3. Higher patient radiation dose
56
* Reduction or fall-off in brightness at the periphery of the image.
* caused by unequal collection of light at the centre of the image intensifier tube compared with the light at its periphery
* as a result, the center of the image intensifier has better resolution, increased brightness and less distortion.
VIGNETTING
57
* Television monitoring system has been a principal
method to monitor and view fluoroscopic images.
* Television picture or cathode ray tube is the heart of
television monitor.
FLUOROSCOPIC IMAGE
MONITORING
58
* Consist of a cylindrical housing approx. 15mm in diameter.
TELEVISION CAMERA TUBE
59
most often used in television fluoroscopy and is connected to the output phosphor of the lI tube
VIDICON
60
* Capture real time image and display
SOLID STATE CHARGED - COUPLED DEVICES
61
* Same function that it does for
the x-ray tube; to maintain a
vacuum and provide
mechanical support for the
internal elements.
GLASS ENVELOPE
62
INTERNAL ELEMENTS (VIDICON AND ITS PARTS)
1. CATHODE OR ELECTRON GUN
2. ELECTROSTATIC GRIDS / ACCELERATOR GRID
3. TARGET ASSEMBLY
63
The tube is surrounded by coils: (VIDICON AND ITS
PARTS), These coils control the size and the position of the electron beam
1. Deflection coil
2. Focusing coil
3. Alignment coil
64
* Negatively charged
* "Heated filament" that supplies a
constant electron current by
photoemission.
ELECTRON GUN
65
* Controls the electrons that
forms into an electron beam,
also helps to accelerate the
electrons to the anode.
ACCELERATING GRID
66
Consist of the following:
> Glass face plate / window
* Signal Plate
* Target
TARGET ASSEMBLY
67
outside layer, thin part of the glass
envelope; Allows the light to pass
through the vacuum tube on its way to the target
WINDOW
68
* Coated inside of the window, thin
layer of metal and graphite.
* Transmit video signal
SIGNAL PLATE
69
A photoconductive layer of antimony trisulfide in Vidicon tubes, and lead oxide in Plumbicon tubes
TARGET
70
3 TYPES OF GAINS
1. BRIGHTNESS GAIN
2. FLUX GAIN
3. MINIFICATION GAIN
71
ability of the image intensifier to increase the illumination level of the image
BRIGHTNESS GAIN
72
ratio of the number of light photons at the output phosphor to the number of x-rays at the input phosphor
FLUX GAIN
73
the ratio of the square of the diameter of the input phosphor to the square of the diameter of the output phosphor
MINIFICATION GAIN
74
TYPES OF IMAGE RECEPTORS IN DIGITAL FLUOROSCOPY
1. CHARGED COUPLED DEVIDE (CCD)
2. FLAT PANEL IMAGE RECEPTOR (FPIR)
75
» converts the light signal from the output phosphor to an electrical signal.
» layers of crystalline silicon
CHARGED COUPLE DEVICE (CCD)
76
* it is essentially a flat panel
* digital radiographic image
* receptor with a fast read-out
* composed of cesium iodide or
* amorphous silicon pixels
FLAT PANEL IMAGE RECEPTOR - FPIR
77
used in angiography because images must be taken in rapid succession because manual
changing can eat up valuable time.
AUTOMATIC CASSETTE/FILM
CHANGER
78
speed of an automatic cassette changer varies from
3 to 12 films per second
79
FEATURES OF AFC IN CONTRAST
PROCEDURES
1. TRANSPORT MECHANISM
2. COMPRESSION TABLE
3. SUPPLY MAGAZINE
80
* Recommended SID in fluoroscopy
80 centimeters
81
kVp range in procedures in fluoroscopy
70 - 80 kVp
82
Exposure type in fluoroscopy
dead-man type
imeqma
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