Education exclusion
- Enrolment early education
- Attendance rate
Data - DET, 2017
In 2017 around 95% of Indigenous four-year-olds were enrolled in early childhood education, yet among these, only 68% attended preschool for the recommended hours per year
In Semester 1, 2018, the attendance rate for Indigenous Australian students was 82%, compared with 93% for non-Indigenous Australian students
Education exclusion ATSI people
- Teachers
- Example of ATSI teacher
Data - Creative Spirits, 2020
In 2015 only 1 in 100 teachers were Aboriginal
Rachel Bos, a Kaurna woman and teacher, recalls a male Year 12 student:
“his personal experience as an Aboriginal young man was a powerful perspective”
Education Inclusion: Murri School
Brisbane
The Murri School focuses on practicalities such as buses to get children to school and using a holistic approach that gives families empowerment in school decision making
It has around 208 students ranging from Prep to Year 12
Provides close connection to health services: employs a family support worker, speech pathologist and a number of psychologists and counsellors
Education Inclusion: Language
Western Australia: 68 schools
South Australia: 63 schools
“It makes me want to come to school” - YEAR 6 child
Over 95% in attendance
The school principle says reduction in vandalism since the consultation began with 350 break-ins in 2013 down to just one last year
Employment Exclusion: Employment rate
2018 Indigenous employment rate was around 49 per cent compared to around 75 per cent for non-Indigenous Australians.
Exclusion: Barriers to Employment
- Education
- Health
Data - Closing the Gap, 2020
Lliteracy, numeracy and digital problem-solving skills
2021:
- Year 9:
- 91% Non-ATSI and 66% ATSI
Major chronic diseases and fair/poor self-assessed health status have a strong negative relationship with participation in the labour force
Employment Inclusion: Targeted Recruitment
In 2015 - Australian Human Rights Commission
- reserving certain positions for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander applicants guaranteed interview schemes
- engaging an Indigenous Recruitment Service to hire trainees, graduates and fill other roles
Employment Inclusion: Indigenous Rangers
Work to protect native plants and animals, control feral animals and invasive weeds, reduce dangerous wildfires
June 2018, the program supports 118 ranger groups and funds over 831 full-time equivalent jobs
Retention rate 94%
“This is my favourite job and I always work hard to protect our country and help my community.” - Fabian Gaykamangu, Crocodile Islands ranger
Health care exclusion ATSI
Smoke rate
First-time mothers
Life expectancy
⅖ smoke whilst pregnant
In 2016, the average age of first time mothers in Australia was 30-34, compared to 26 for Aboriginal peoples.
2015-2017
73.6 = ATSI
81.3 = Non-ATSI
Health care exclusion: Burden of Disease
Leading cause of total disease burden
2.3x the rate of non-Indigenous
- Chronic diseases caused 64% of the total disease burden among Indigenous Australians.
Health care Exclusion: Disability
Restriction of activities
Access to doctors
Data - ABS, 2019
In 2018–19, an estimated 27% reporting a core activity limitation or schooling/employment restriction
12.3% of Indigenous Australians living in remote areas reported that they have difficulty accessing doctors, compared with 8.6% of Indigenous Australians in non-remote areas.
Inclusion: Culturally Safe Health Care
The … describes a vision for the Australian health system that is …
The Cultural Respect Framework defines cultural safety as…
The National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Health Plan 2013–23
Culturally safe, free of racism and inequality and one where ATSI people have access to health services that are effective, high-quality, appropriate and affordable.
‘not [being] defined by the health professional, but is defined by the health consumer’s experience.’
Improvements in health care
- Increase of Indigenous medical practitioners
360 Indigenous medical practitioners were employed in Australia in 2017—an increase from 230 in 2013
Health care - Patient experience
- Doctor’s attitude
91% of Indigenous adults in non-remote areas who consulted a doctor in the previous 12 months reported their doctor always/usually showed respect for what was said (in 2018–19) (AIHW analysis)
Technology exclusion ATSI people
- STEM subject
- Computer, internet connection
43% of ATSI children graduate high school with one STEM subject.
6% of residents have a computer and 2% have an internet connection. Mobile phone use is 43% in remote communities
- Lower than the national average
Technology + Health care Exclusion
- COVID-19
- Examples of the lack of understanding and information
COVID-19 lockdowns
- Parents had to book in to obtain paperwork from the school which created yet another access barrier
Real-time pandemic response communications via the Australian government WhatsApp channel, the Coronavirus Australia app and the COVIDSafe app.
Technology + Housing Exclusion: COVID-19
- Example of ATSI response
- Limited access to online service –> essentials
Without access to real-time infection data, communities headed to bush to isolate
No access to essential goods and services online, some remote communities, difficult in COVID restrictions.
- Community in Queensland prevented from fishing for food and leaving to buy essential items under coronavirus restrictions that it later protested as ‘discriminatory’.
Technology Exclusion: Social Media and Identity
- Selective post
- Individual experience
52% of survey respondents indicated they had been intentionally selective with what they post on social network sites regarding their identity. Reasons for this:
- Negative reactions that Indigeneity
- Experienced of abuse or discrimination online.
- Stereotypical ideas of Indigeneity, particularly around skin colour
‘Apparently, I’m not black enough for some.’ (female, 45–54, Awabakal, survey)
Technology Inclusion: Culture and Social Media
- Good platform to learn
- Kindship
71% survey respondents agreed that social media offered a good platform for learning about and engaging in cultural practices
Sharing photos and stories and messages, deceased kin were ‘kept alive’, as one explained: “we upload photos of them on their [Facebook] pages, if we can’t be there, we’ll write on their pages. That’s a good thing” (male, 20).
Technology exclusion: Cyber safety
- Discovery regarding changing technology
- Statistics of ATSI people
The Joint Select Committee on Cyber-Safety found rapidly changing technology and lower levels of digital literacy amongst older Indigenous Australians makes it harder for Elders and community leaders to respond to cyber-safety issues and to develop and implement culturally appropriate strategies.
ATSI people
* are 2x as likely to experience image-based abuse as non-Indigenous Australians
Technology + Education exclusion: Telstra case
- Stats of the range of debts = customers
Telstra fined $50 million
Sales staff at the 5 stores engaged in “exploitative” practices between January 2016 and August 2018
The sales conduct included:
- Signing up single customers to multiple plans in one day
- Creating a false impression that customers would get devices for “free”
- The customers then racked up huge debts, ranging from $1,600 to $19,524
Technology inclusion: Social Media and Community
- Social network sites to connect with family and/or friends
- Quote: Negative
94% had used social network sites to connect:
‘Being indigenous is about community contact face-to-face’ (45–54, Sydney, survey).
Technology inclusion:
- About the project
- Stats on enrolment
- Improvement of educational outcome
Indigenous STEM Education Project
6-year project funded by BHP Foundation
2015, 22, 000 ATSI students, 2,000 teachers and 200 schools across remote, rural and urban.
66% of ATSI students achieved an A, B or C grade after participating in the inquiry provided by the Inquiry for Indigenous Science Students program.
Technology inclusion: (ASSETS)
- Stats on how many intend to study a STEM in uni
- Good understanding of STEM careers
Aboriginal Summer School for Excellence in Technology and Science
79% intend to study a STEM field at university (up from 58% before the summer school)
100% have a good understanding of STEM careers (up from 64% before the summer school)
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The nature of social and cultural continuity and change26
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Focus Study - China46
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The nature of social inclusion and exclusion21
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Focus Study - SVR39
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Focus Study - E, P, H, L factors35
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Focus Study - Near Future10
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Nature of Popular Culture13
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Creation of Hip Hop40
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Control25
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Perceptions16
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Social Change + Future27
