FOM: BSS

Question 1

HBM: Percieved severity

• Definition
• example

Answer 1

• The probability that a person will change their health behaviours to avoid a consequence depends on how serious they believe the consequence to be
• People who think STD’s aren’t serious are less likely to wear condoms

Question 2

HBM: perceived susceptibility

• Definition
• Example

Answer 2

• People will not change their health behaviours unless they believe they are at risk
• E.g. individuals who do not think they will get the flu, won’t get vaccinated

Question 3

HBM: perceived benefits

Answer 3

• A benefit that will convince someone to change their health behaviours
• Stopping smoking will improve someones health

Question 4

HBM: perceived barriers

Answer 4

• Barriers that people may think prevent them from changing their health behaviours
• E.g. discomfort, expense, inconvenience

Question 5

HBM: cues to action

Answer 5

• Outside input that can initiate a change in personal health behaviours
• E.g. media campaigns, physician reminders etc.

Question 5

HBM: cues to action

Answer 5

• Outside input that can initiate a change in personal health behaviours
• E.g. media campaigns, physician reminders etc.

Question 6

HBM: self-efficacy

Answer 6

• A persons belief in their ability to make health related change
• E.g. if a person believes they are able to quit smoking, they are more likely to

Question 7

Lay diagnosis:

Answer 7

• A non-professionals attempt to describe and classify their symptoms

Question 7

Lay diagnosis:

Answer 7

• A non-professionals attempt to describe and classify their symptoms

Question 8

Why should shared decision making (SDM) be standard practise?: (3)

Answer 8

• Essential for respecting all four pillars of medicine
• Less legal action can occur
• Important to hear the patients lay perspective

Question 9

How to achieve shared decision making: (3)

Answer 9

• Make it clear that there is no one best choice, but a decision must be made
• Positives and negatives of options
• Build rapport / trust

Question 10

Doc/patient relationship: paternalistic

• info exchange:
• Deliberation:
• Decision making:

Answer 10

• Minimal medical info from doctor to patient
• Doctor leads the discussion
• Doctor makes the decision and the patient agrees

Question 11

Doc/patient relationship: Shared (mutual):

• Info exchange
• Deliberation
• Decision making

Answer 11

• Doctor and patient share all relevant information
• Doctor and patient discuss together
• Shared decision making

Question 12

Doc/patient relationship: Informed (consumerist)

• Info exchange
• Deliberation
• Decision making

Answer 12

_ Largely from doctor to patient

• Patient lists the information
• Patient makes the decision

Question 13

When may a paternalistic approach be appropriate?

Answer 13

• Acute/emergency scenarios

Question 14

When may a shared (mutual) approach be appropriate?

Answer 14

• Long-term conditions where a patient has gained extensive knowledge (e.g. asthma, arthritis)

Question 15

When may an informed (consumerist) approach be appropriate?

Answer 15

• Participation in clinical research

Question 16

Preference sensitive decisions:

Answer 16

• When there is more than one treatment option

Question 17

Reasons for non-compliance: (3)
-Concerns
-views
Possible

Answer 17

• Concerns about side-effects
• Views about appropriate treatment
• Practical barriers

Question 18

Concordance:

Answer 18

• Agreement about treatment

- Means patients are more likely to adhere

Question 19

Placebo effect:

Answer 19

• The positive response of a person to an inert substance or innervation
• Or, to an active intervention, but a much larger response then expected

Question 20

Nocebo response:

Answer 20

• Harm rather than benefit caused

- More likely if a person has previous experience of adverse effects

Question 21

Context effects (placebo/nocebo): (5)

• T C
• P C
• P/P R
• H-C S

Answer 21

• Treatment characteristics: colour, size, drug shape
• Patients characteristics: beliefs, anxiety, adherence)
• Patient/practitioner relationship: reassurance, compassion
• Health-care setting: home, hospital

Question 22

Health systems:

Answer 22

• Consists of all organisations, people and actions whose primary intent is to promote, restore and maintain health

Question 23

5 main systems for funding:

Answer 23

- General taxation (social solidarity) - National health insurance - Privatised health insurance - Out of pocket payments - Charitable donations

Question 24

UK NHS - a social solidarity system: | - Services provided: (4)

Answer 24

- Hospital services - GP services - Ambulance services - Community health services

Question 25

NHS fundamental rules of distribution: (3)

Answer 25

- Universal coverage - Free at the point of delivery - Access based on clinical need, not the ability to pay

Question 26

Medical diversity:

Answer 26

- The co-existence of different medical traditions and practises in a single setting

Question 27

Three sectors of health care:

Answer 27

- Popular - Folk - Professional

Question 28

Sectors of health care: Popular (3) - Includes - Formality - Scale

Answer 28

- Family, social and kinship networks - Informal (includes self-medication) - Most ill health dealt with here

Question 29

Sectors of healthcare: Folk (2)

Answer 29

- Non professional, specialist healers | - Informal (religious, self-medication)

Question 30

Sectors of health care: Professional (3) - Structure - Training level - Recognition

Answer 30

- Professionally organised system - Formal, standardised recruitment - Accredited training and qualification

Question 31

CAM:

Answer 31

- Complementary and alternative medicine

Question 32

Why do people use CAM? (4) - Ineffectiveness...... - Concern about .... - Discriminatory..... - ............-centred approach

Answer 32

- Ineffectiveness of biomed for them - Concerned about biomed side effects - Ethnicity and culture - Discriminatory experience - Patient-centred approach

Question 33

Problems with CAMs:

Answer 33

- Healthcare practitioners lack knowledge on CAMS - Some forms of CAMS are not respected by practitioners - Lack of disclosure - CAMs may have an adverse reaction with biomed treatment

Question 34

Traditional medicine:

Answer 34

- The sum-total of the knowledge, skills and practices based on the theories, beliefs and experiences indigenous to different cultures

Question 35

Why do people us TM: (2) - Subsaharan africa) - Asia

Answer 35

- Affordability and accessibility (subsaharan Africa) | - Cultural, historical and institutional influences (Asia)

Question 36

Examples of Global health inequities: (5)

Answer 36

- Life expectancy - Under 5 mortality rate - Maternal mortality rate - Life expectancy - Health expenditure per capita

Question 37

Factors effecting health inequities:

Answer 37

- Lifestyle/behaviour - Material/structure - Psychosocial

Question 38

Why do inequities exist?: Lifestyle/behavioural

Answer 38

- Certain groups are more likely to engage in health-harming behaviours (smoking, alcohol) - Less likely to engage in health promoting behaviours (correct nutrition, exercise)

Question 39

Why do inequities exist: Material/structural explanation - Defintion - Types of impact (3)

Answer 39

- Poverty is the number one cause of ill health - poverty has many impacts on health 1. Direct impact (unfit homes) 2. Affects choices (healthy Diet) 3. Access to services

Question 40

Why do inequities exist?: structuralist perspective

Answer 40

- Society organised into social groups, hierarchical in nature - Position in hierarchy determines how much agency one has

Question 41

Agency:

Answer 41

- The capacity to make choices and to put those choices to action

Question 42

Psychosocial explanations:

Answer 42

- Negative psychological experiences can harm your health | - Certain groups more likely to experience negative psychosocial states