gcse physics > Forces > Flashcards

Forces Flashcards

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1
Q

non-contact forces (eg.)

A

Magnetic force
Electrostatic
Gravitational potential

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2
Q

contact forces (e.g)

A

friction, weight, tension, normal contact force, upthrust, thrust

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3
Q

types of friction

A

water and air resitance

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4
Q

Formula for weight, mass and gravitational field strengh (include units)

A

M (Kg) × G (N/kg)

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5
Q

gravitational field strenght of earth

A

9.8 N/kg

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6
Q

newton’s third law

A

1) every action has an equal and opposite reaction

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7
Q

Independent variable

A

decide to change

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8
Q

control variable

A

keep the same to make the experiment fair

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9
Q

dependent variable

A

changes according to changes in independent variable

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10
Q

hooke’s law (description)

A

extension is directly proportional to the force applied

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11
Q

hooke’s law (graph)

A

directly proportional so straight line through origin

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12
Q

hooke’s law (equation)

A

F = ke
(Force = spring constant × extension)

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13
Q

Elastic vs plastic deformation

A

Elastic - bounces back
plastic - doesn’t return to original shape (even if compressed, it will be longer than original)

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14
Q

what do arrows in free body diagrams represent?

A

magnitude and direction - vectors

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15
Q

free body diagram definition

A

free body diagram is a diagram showing the forces acting on an object.

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16
Q

In a free body diagram where are the arrows coming from?

A

The forces are shown as thin arrows pointing away from the centre of the box or dot.

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17
Q

how is the ‘body’ or object usually represented?

A

The object or ‘body’ is usually shown as a box or a dot

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18
Q

what is the difference bewteen scalar and vector quantaties?

A

scalar - magnitude eg mass
vector - magnitude + direction eg forces

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19
Q

what is equillibrium?

A

when two or more forces are in balance so the object keeps moving at a constant speed/ remains stationary

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20
Q

acceleration equation and units

A

a=u-v/t
m/s/s

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21
Q

distance-time graphs

A

—– = stationary
/ = constant speed
( = acceleration
gradient = speed
distance=y, time=x

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22
Q

velocity time graphs

A

_ = stationary
—- = constant speed
/ = constant acceleration
( = not constant accelerating
area under graph = distance travelled
gradient = acceleration
velocity=y, time=x

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23
Q
A
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24
Q

what is a force?

A

a push or pull on an object caused by it interacting with another object

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25
what is a resultant force?
a single force that has the same effect of all the original different forces together
26
how do you work out a resultant force from a diagram?
TIP TO TAIL METHOD 1) move force 1 from the tip of force 2 to the tail of force 2 so that it makes 3 sides of a trapezium 2) the resultant force is the force between the tip of force 2 and the tail of new force 1
27
what is inertia?
the tendency of objects to continue in their state of rest or constant motion
28
newton's second law
2) force = mass × acceleration 1m/s/s = 1N/kg
29
newton's first law
3) inertia (balanced force on still object = stay still - moving object = constant velocity)
30
what does suvat stand for ?
s=displacement u=initial velocity v=final velocity a=acceleration t=time
31
what is termial velocity?
maxium speed achieved by a freely falling object whe forces acting on it are balaced
32
example of terminal velocity - guy jumping out of a plane
1. instant jumping out of a plane only weight is acting downwards 2. as time goes on, weight stays the same but drag increases 3. when drag and weight become balanced the parachutist has reached terminal velocity
33
what is frav?
**f**orces **r**esultant force **a**cceleration (change in) **v**elocity
34
what is inertial mass?
a measure of how difficult it is to change velocity of a object - ratio of force over acceleration
35
what is stopping distance?
thinking distance + braking distance
36
what is thinking distance?
how far the car travels during the driver's reaction time
37
what is braking distance?
how dar the car travels before coming to a stop whilst braking force is applied
38
what affects thinking distance?
reaction time which is affected by - distractions - alcohol and drugs - tiredness
39
average reaction times
0.2s to 0.9s
40
equation for thinking distance
thinking distance = speed x reaction time
41
what affects braking distance?
- friction of road (road conditions eg icy or wet) - mass of car - mass of passengers/ how many passengers - poor condition of tyres and brakes
42
the greater the speed of the vehicle...
the greater the braking force needed to stop the vehicle in a certain distance
43
what are moments?
turning effects of a force (forces can cause objects to rotate around a pivot)
44
why do levers make it easier to do work?
since p=Fd, and a lever increases the distance from the pivot at which the force is applied, less force needed to get the same moment
45
equation for moments
moments = force x perpendicular distance from pivot
46
how are moments different to work done?
work done (J) = force (N) x distance (m) moment (Nm) = force (N) x perpindicular distance from pivot/falcrum (m)
47
from where do you measure distances when calculating moments?
distance from pivot/falcrum line of action (perpendicular line from where force is applied)
48
what is the centre of mass?
where the force 'weight' acts eg the weight of a whole object acts at its centre of mass
49
principle of moments
if a system is in equibrium sum of anticlockwise moments = sum of clockwise moments
50
law of conservation of momentum
in any event (collision), momentum is always conserved so **momentum before = momentum after**
51
newton's 2nd law in regards to momentum
F = (mv-mu)/t force is proportional to the raye of change of momentum in the direction of the force
52
equation for momentum with units
momentum = mass x velocity p(kgm/s)=m(kg)v(m/s)
53
when doing calculations with momentum
always think about: - momentum before - momentum after
54
how does an increase in impact time protect the user?
- force = change in momentum/ change in time - if time increases, force on user decreases
55
adaptations of cars to protect the user/ increase impact time
1. air bags 2. crumple zones 3. seatbelts stretch
56
how do rockets take off?
- eject hydrogen and oxygen, which has a great volume (pushes down) - every force has an equal and opposite reaction so rocket is pushed up
57
why do rockets' acceleration increase?
- as fuel is used up, rocket becomes lighter, so mass decreases - force is the same - f=ma so acceleration increases
58
what are gears?
- rotating, circular discs with teeth (cogs) around edges - teeth interlock, so turning one causes another to turn in the opposite direction
59
multiplying moments with gears
- if gear A has 5 teeth, and gear B has 10 teeth - bigger gear B turns at half the speed but moment of the turning force will be twice that of gear A Slower → greater distance, speed=distance/ time Moment is bigger → distance from pivot is greater (moment = force x perpendicular distance from pivot)
60
ratio of moments
ratio of moments = ratio of teeth/ radii of gears
61
how do gears work?
- turning force applied to one gear - interlocking gear turns the adjacent gear in the opposite direction - cogs/ teeth prevent gears from slipping
62
what happens when multiple gears are mounted on the same axle/ stacked?
- all gears on same axle will turn at the same rate and have same turning effect - smaller gear will exert a larger force on the object
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