what does steven gunn argue
henry’s foreign policy achievements were significant because of the long term impact they had:
‘the marriage alliance that sealed peace across the northern broader would lead to the union of the crowns a century later
aims of foreign policy
- national security
- recognition of Tudor dynasty
- finance through trade
breton crisis FRANCE
- Brittany was English territory from the 100 years war in 1488 France wanted to claim it back
- APRIL 1489 henry sent 3,000-6,000 troops to defend Britanny,
- french consequently supported Warbeck
- 1491 Maximillian failed to send troops to help henry so henry sent another 12,000 but didn’t cause war
- 1491 marriage between duchess Anne of Britanny and king Charles ii of France meant Britanny was lost
-1492 treaty of Etaples:
troops had to leave France except for Calais in return for 745,000 crowns and an agreement to not support pretenders
succsesses of breton crisis
- french pension of 745,000 crowns helped finnces
- succsessful baptism of fire for hnery vii persuing a diplomatic conflict with skill so early in his career and military intervention didnt impact english reputation
failures of the breton crisis
english army didnt win any of the main conflcits in britaany. all of the southern shore of the channel execept calais was now in french hands
Burgandy
henry initially tried to protect industry and limit dependence on Burgandy by introducing a trade embargo with Burgandy 1493-93
- intercursus Magnus 1496- Philip agreed not to support Warbeck
end of the trade embargo - intercursus malas 1506 English cloth exports without custom fees
- treaty of Windsor 1506- henry lost £136,000 to Philip to get Suffolk back
Scotland
- James IV harboured Warbeck for 2 years offering him pension and marriage
1496 4 day boarder raid
- 1497 treaty of Ayton: Scotland wouldn’t attack England but still allied with France
- 1503 James IV married henry’s daughter Margaret securing dynastic control
(treaty of perpetual peace ratified marriage)
Ireland
- earl of Kildare (lord deputy of Ireland since 1477) feared by henry due to Yorkist sympathies and supported lambert simnel
- Edward ponying (lieutenant of Ireland) initially successful at helping henry establish royal authority
ponying’s laws in 1495 meant the Irish parliament can’t pass laws without the approval of the English crown
financial pressures meant that henry ha to recall ponying and depend on the cheap option of kildare
- Kildare stopped supporting Yorkist in 1499
helped secure henry’s authority in Ireland
Spain
medina del campo 1489
- mutual protection in case of attack
- no harboring pretenders
- marriage between Arthur and Catherine of Aragon
downfalls of spain
- Arthur died in 1502 which created complications. henry tried to marry henry VIII to catherine but ferdinand didn’t want english alliance and marriage needed papal dispension
treaty of windsor- 1506 henry supported juandas claim to the throne not ferdiand after philip of burgandy died. juana became unstable in grief and Ferdinand became regent of castile
LEFT HERNY DIPLOMATICALLY ISOALTED AND OUTSMARTED BY EUROPEAN MONARCHYS
significance of Bretton crisis
- showed henry was milling to take risk
- shows he understands foreign affairs and gambles on them as he knows France won’t want war
- shows security as he gains french pension
why 1509 what % more of wool was being exported
60% more than in 1485
