What was Henry’s early foreign policy ambition?
Henry’s early foreign policy demonstrated his enthusiasm to win military glory and make England a major player in international affairs.
What alliance did Henry enter in 1510?
Henry entered an alliance (the Holy League) with Spain, the Holy Roman Empire, and the papacy against France.
What happened in 1512 regarding Henry’s military actions?
Henry sent 10,000 soldiers to south-west France, but Ferdinand of Spain failed to support the English, leading to defeat in Gascony.
What significant victory did Henry achieve in 1513?
Henry led a force to north-eastern France, winning the ‘Battle of the Spurs’ and capturing Thérouanne and Tournai.
What was the outcome of the Battle of Flodden?
James IV of Scotland, allied to France, invaded England but was defeated and killed at the Battle of Flodden, leaving the Scottish throne to the infant James V.
What were the results of the military campaigns of 1512/13?
The campaigns resulted in a huge drain on English finance, trouble in Yorkshire, loss of the French pension, insignificant gains in France, and peace with Scotland.
What happened to Henry’s foreign policy between 1514 and 1526?
Henry’s foreign policy was inconsistent during this period, affected by the deaths of key European leaders and changes in alliances.
What was the Treaty of Cambrai?
In 1517, Charles V and HRE Maximilian agreed the Treaty of Cambrai with the French, isolating England.
What was the significance of the Treaty of London in 1518?
The Treaty of London was a personal achievement by Wolsey, resulting in a non-aggression pact among England, France, Spain, and the Holy Roman Empire.
What occurred at the ‘Field of the Cloth of Gold’ in 1520?
Henry and Francis met at the ‘Field of the Cloth of Gold’, reinforcing positive relations between England and France.
What was the outcome of the Treaty of Bruges in 1521?
The Treaty of Bruges was negotiated by Wolsey with Charles V.
What was the result of the English invasion of northern France in 1522?
The invasion gained little, and Parliament was reluctant to grant the extraordinary revenue to support the campaign.
What happened in 1525 regarding Charles V and France?
Charles V defeated the French at the Battle of Pavia but refused a joint invasion of northern France with Henry.
What was Henry’s response to Charles V’s dominance in 1527?
Henry allied with the French in the Treaty of Amiens.
What was the outcome of Henry’s alliance with France in 1532?
The alliance aimed to pressure Charles into supporting Henry’s marriage annulment, but the tactic failed.
What weakened Henry’s position in 1538?
Charles and Francis signed the Treaty of Nice and the Pact of Toledo, severing connections with England, and Pope Paul III deposed Henry.
What was Henry’s response to the Catholic crusade against him in 1539?
Henry married the German Protestant Princess Anne of Cleves, seeking an alliance with the Protestant League of Schmalkalden.
Who governed Ireland on Henry’s behalf?
The Earl of Kildare.
What significant event occurred in Ireland in 1534?
A rebellion that proved difficult to suppress.
What was attempted in Ireland after the rebellion of 1534?
An attempt to bring Irish government more directly under English control.
What actions did the government take to pacify Ireland in 1541?
Established it as a separate kingdom under English law, created counties from Gaelic lordships, and granted peerage titles to Irish nobles.
What complications arose in Ireland after 1534?
Emerging religious differences between England and Ireland.
What characterized Henry’s foreign policy in the 1540s?
A return to an aggressive foreign policy.
What happened at the Battle of Solway Moss in 1542?
Heavy defeat for the Scots.
