Year 4 - Toxicology > Forensic 3 > Flashcards

Forensic 3 Flashcards

(64 cards)

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1
Q

What is PCP?

A
  • phencyclidine

- phenylcyclohexylpiperidine

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2
Q

What does PCP cause?

A

dissociative anaesthetic with hallucinogenic properties (they won’t know the extent of pain that is happening to them)

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3
Q

PCP was first developed as ?

A
  • an IV anesthetic for humans
  • d/c due to undesirable side effects (convulsions, hallucinations, psychotic behaviour)
  • patented as a vet anaesthetic and tranquilizer in 1968
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4
Q

how is PCP absorbed?

A

through intact skin so ppl who take down labs have to be really careful

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5
Q

some street names for PCP

A
  • kools
  • super weed
  • angel dust
  • monkey dust
  • elephant tranquilizer
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6
Q

most common method of ingestion for PCP

A

smoked

“sherman’s cigarette”

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7
Q

describe PCP smoke

A
  • very very hot and irritating to mouth and throat

- that’s why they mix with menthol or mint for cooling effect

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8
Q

other less common methods of ingestion for PCP

A
  • oral ingestion
  • injection
  • eye dropper
  • snorting or inhalation
  • through the skin
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9
Q

desired effects of PCP

A
  • intense euphoria
  • hallucinations
  • relaxation
  • dissociation from the environment
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10
Q

onset, peak, and duration of PCP

A

onset: 1-5 min if smoked (30-60 min if orally ingested)
peak: 15-30 min
duration: 4-6 hours or longer

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11
Q

other effects of PCP

A
  • agitation, confusion
  • disorientation
  • increased pain threshold
  • elevated body temp and BP
  • moon walking
  • cyclic behaviour
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12
Q

Toxicity of PCP

A
  • delirium
  • hallucinations
  • convulsions
  • violent reactions
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13
Q

overdoses of PCP

A
  • deep coma
  • seizures
  • death is due to respiratory arrest and possibly cardiac arrest
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14
Q

PCP:

Tolerance?

A

yes

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15
Q

PCP:

what type of dependence?

A

ONLY psychological

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16
Q

PCP has structural similarities to what compounds?

A
  • ketamine

- dextromethorphan (DM)

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17
Q

What is GHB (gamma hydroxybutyrate)?

A

CNS depressant

*comes in a powder or liquid (odourless, salty tasting odorless liquid, a little thicker than water)

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18
Q

How was GHB used in the past?

A

used in combo with anaesthetic, experimental treatment for narcolepsy, alcohol withdrawal, etc. weight control and sedative drug

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19
Q

What was GHB recently approved for in Canada?

A

as an experimental drug for treatment of narcolepsy

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20
Q

GHB street names

A
  • easy lay
  • liquid ecstasy
  • liquid X
  • G
  • salt water
  • georgia home boy
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21
Q

how is GHB ingested

A

Orally:

  • capful of liquid
  • or powder mixed with water, carbonated beverage, or alcohol
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22
Q

Desired effects of GHB

A
  • relaxation
  • sense of well being
  • loss of social inhibitions

*similar to alcohol bc they are both CNS depressants

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23
Q

onset and duration of GHB

A

onset: 5-20 min
duration: 2-3 hours

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24
Q

how long is GHB detectable in blood and urine?

A

blood: 6 hours
urine: 12 hours

  • problem for law enforcement who are trying to detect it
  • short detection window so witnesses are very important
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25
what are some other effects of GHB
- amnesia - drowsiness - impaired judgment - slowed reaction time - slurred speech - loss of balance
26
what can happen at higher doses of GHB
- loss of consciousness - slowed heart rate - seizures - decreased respiration - coma - death
27
What is GHB
endogenous metabolite it is a neurotransmitter so when they identify it, they need to determine the amount to tell if it's endogenous or exogenous level
28
GHB can also be a product of ________ decomposition
postmortem
29
What are some analogs of GHB that are also abused?
1,4 butanediol gamma butyrolactone (GBL)
30
What properties does cannabis have?
CNS depressant, stimulant and hallucinogenic properties
31
What is the main psychoactive ingredient in cannabis?
delta 9 tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)
32
What is Sinsemilla?
unfertilized female pot plants female plants are better, produce high resin of THC
33
Medical uses of cannabis?
- anaesthetic - improve appetite - muscle spasms - epilepsy, asthma, arthritis - insomnia - menstrual cramps - antiemetic - management of glaucoma
34
Describe Dronabinol
Synthetic trans (-) isomer of THC Approved for: - nausea and vomiting due to cancer - anorexia and weight loss of AIDS oral capsule
35
Describe Nabilone
Synthetic chromenone derivative of THC Approved for: - nausea/vomiting for cancer - anorexia and weight less of AIDS
36
Describe Sativex
Natural THC and cannbidiol Approved for: -Tx of neuropathic pain and spasticity associated with MS Comes as a spray (SL or side of cheek)
37
what is Hash
dried and pressed resin generally smoked in a bong or pipe - can be mixed into food
38
Cannabis comes from what plant
cannabis sativa
39
street names for cannabis
- wacky weed - dope - grass - J - mary jane
40
Methods of ingestion of cannabis?
- smoking (joint, bong, blunt) | - oral ingestion (hash brownies), slower onset, slower absorption
41
desired effects of cananbis
- euphoria - general sense of well being - relaxation - loss of inhibitions
42
what is the onset, peak and duration of cannabis
onset: 8-9 seconds (smoking) peak: 10-30 seconds duration: 2-3 hours *much longer if orally ingested
43
what are some other effects of cannabis?
- distortion of time, space, body image - impairment of recent memory and concentration - mild confusion; disorientation - reduced attention span - reduced ability to process information - difficulty with balance - impaired ability to perform complex tasks - decreased muscle strength - spontaneous laughter - conjunctivitis - "munchies" - dry mouth
44
describe toxic symptoms of cannabis
- fearfulness - anxiety (more common in those who are first-time users, chronic high dose users or with oral ingestion) - mild paranoia
45
Cannabis: | tolerance?
yes
46
Cannabis: | dependence?
nope (neither dependence develops)
47
THC is ___ soluble
fat
48
What is heroin
diacetylmorphine CNS depressant (narcotic analgesic)
49
compare heroin to morphine in terms of potency
2-3 times more potent than morphine
50
how do you produce heroin
treat morphine with acetic anhydrine
51
heroin is a ________ opioid
semi-synthetic (bc it comes from morphine and morphine is natural alkaloid)
52
street names for heroin
- antifreeze - big H - brown sguar - horse - junk - smack
53
methods of ingestion of heroin
- injection - smoking - snorting *some ppl use crack cocaine and then heroin - ok cool
54
desired effects of heroin
- euphoria - sense of well being - relief of pain
55
onset and duration of heroin
onset: - immediate for euphoria - 15-30 min for other physical effects duration: 3-6 hours for physical effects
56
describe other effects of heroin
"on the nod" - semiconscious - droopy eyelids - head slumped forward, chin on chest - easily awakened - alert to questions - slowed reflexes - low, slow, raspy speech - facial itching - nausea - difficulty with urination - slow deliberate movements
57
how will heroin affect pupils
CONSTRICT | PIN POINT
58
toxicity of heroin
- respiratory depression - coma - death
59
what do we use to treat heroin OD
naloxone
60
heroin: | tolerance?
yes
61
heroin: | dependence?
yes - both psychological and physiological
62
Describe the physiological dependence of heroin
- withdrawal begins within 4-6 hours, peaks at 24-36 hours | - characterized by insomnia, vomiting, diarrhea, hot and cold flashes, weakness, and cold-like symptoms
63
what drug is used to treat withdrawal?
methadone
64
what are some interpretation challenges with heroin
- heroin is not detected in body fluids - requires special extraction procedure (heroin is amphoteric, has both acidic and basic parts - requires extraction at exactly a pH of 8) - wide range of concentrations seen in deaths
Year 4 - Toxicology
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