Forestry

Question 1

3 types of forest

Answer 1

temperate

coniferous

tropical rainforest

Question 2

Coniferous forests characteristics

Answer 2

High latitudes in Canada, northern Europe and northern Asia.

Conifers – needle shaped leaves.

Low biodiversity

Harsh conditions

Lower productivity

Question 3

Characteristics of temperate forests?

Answer 3

Shed leaves in winter to reduce water loss by evapotranspiration.

Oak, maple, beech, elm and ash.

There are layer (stratification).

Herb layer, understory and canopy.

Question 4

Characteristics of tropical rainforests?

Answer 4

Tropical rainforest.

High productivity

High rainfall and light levels

Continually growing

Mahogany and teak

High biodiversity

Stratification (forest floor, shrub layer, under canopy, canopy, emergent.)

Question 5

Softwood characteristics, examples and uses?

Answer 5

fast growing
cheap
less fire resistant than hardwood

conifers

windows
doors
low quality furniture

Question 6

Hardwood characteristics , examples and uses?

Answer 6

Slow growing
Expensive
More fire-resistant than softwood

Mahogany

Construction
Flooring
High quality furniture

Question 7

How is paper made?

Answer 7

wood is pulped down to original cellulose fibres that are then pressed into flexible sheets and then dried

Question 8

List everything about quinine?

Answer 8

comes from the bark of the cinchona tree

The tree is most commonly found in South America

Quinine was originally developed as a medicine to fight malaria but the medicine is now synthetically produced.

other chemical compounds that have yet to be discovered

Question 9

List all the main resources of forests?

Answer 9

cotton
food
fuel
medicine
fibres
material

Question 10

Why is there high amounts of c02 in soil in coniferous forests?

Answer 10

decomposition is slow due to cold temperatures

Question 11

Why is most nutrients stored in coniferous forests?

Answer 11

litter because decomposition takes a long time

Question 12

How can a forest provide a micro climate?

Answer 12

changes in:

light
wind
humidity

Question 13

Why is humidity higher in forests?

Answer 13

evaporation and evapotranspiration

Question 14

How do forests provide humus as a service?

Answer 14

leaf litter decomposes

Question 15

What % of wood does the UK import?

Answer 15

85% - produces 15%

Question 16

Outline the difference in species between traditional and modern forestry?

Answer 16

would’ve been a mixture of species to provide different properties

oak - home/ship building
beech - furniture
hazel - fencing panels

now modern has less variety

Question 17

Outline the difference in management techniques between traditional and modern forestry?

Answer 17

standard trees - allow tree to grow to maturity

pollarding - cutting branches to let tree grow

coppicing - cutting tree down to ground level

vs

whole area cut down now

Question 18

Outline the difference in age between traditional and modern forestry?

Answer 18

varied age in traditional

vs

same age due to all being placed at same time in monoculture

Question 19

Outline the difference in harvesting between traditional and modern forestry?

Answer 19

grown to maturity and harvest whole tree

OR

coppice + pollard

never completely clear area

Question 20

How has demand changed for wood since pre industrial time?

Answer 20

declined

Question 21

What is mdf wood?

Answer 21

chipped wood mushed into a solid board

rather than keeping the natural structure for furtniture/construction

Question 22

How has biodiversity changed now in commercial forestry?

Answer 22

hindered biodiversity due to monocultures

Question 23

Why do modern tree plantations grow plants close?

Answer 23

easier management

Question 24

Implication of growing non indigenous cultivation of trees

Answer 24

do not support native wildlife - these species needed for pollination + seed dispersal

Question 25

Why do modern tree plantations grow as a monoculture?

Answer 25

ease of management for: thinning felling planting

Question 26

Benefits of close planting? + negative

Answer 26

so they can compete for light and grow taller and straighter discourages other plants under canopy which compete for nutrients/light/water BUT diversity and reduces and lack of food for animals

Question 27

What is clear felling?

Answer 27

completely removing a whole area

Question 28

What is selective logging?

Answer 28

carefully selecting individual trees to cut down

Question 29

List a few types of deforestation?

Answer 29

agriculture hydroelectric dams urbanisation livestock farming mining transport infrastructure

Question 30

Hardwood takes a long time to grow. What does this mean for the MSY?

Answer 30

more likely to reach MSY - this is because hardwood trees take longer to grow

Question 31

What is pollarding

Answer 31

same as coppicing but down above breast height to avoid the regrowth being eaten by livestock

Question 32

What is agroforestry

Answer 32

growing crops alongside forest

Question 33

what is coppicing

Answer 33

cutting broadleaved trees (like hazel, ash, or chestnut) down to near ground level (the "stool") during the winter dormant season

Question 34

list features of growing a sustainably managed forest

Answer 34

selective felling mixed age structure indigenous trees mixed species plantation harvesting rate below the MSY

Question 35

What is FSC 1992?

Answer 35

Forest Stewardship Council set up to monitor timber production and the sustainability of individual forestry operations

Question 36

What is debt for nature swaps

Answer 36

A country is told if they protect nature their debt is reduced or cancelled