steps in formulating rations (6)
- describe the animal
- describe the nutrient requirements
- describe the feedstuffs
- describe the feed delivery system
- describe the ration or diet
- describe the results
what is limiting constraint to meeting nutrient needs in high performance animals
feed intake
how is energy measured
not measured directly - inferred from studies
how to increase energy density
using fats
how to decrease energy density
increasing fiber
what AA is deficient in corn but present in soy
lysine
are macrominerals reliably or unreliably measured in feeds
reliably
how are macrominerals added
balanced for minimum needs, adjusted to specific conditions
are microminerals reliably or unreliably measured in feeds
unreliably
how are microminerals added
added to satisfy complete requirements in food animal diets
what can microminerals interact with
- other microminerals
- other nutrients (ex: vitamins)
- macrominerals
how are vitamins added
added to satisfy total needs
ways to describe the feeds (5)
- type
- form
- nutrient content
- quality
- cost
ways to describe the delivery of the diet (5)
- mix
- order of mix
- processing
- feed delivery
- monitoring delivery and consumption
cut and fit formulation
- start with largest components
- add vitamins and minerals
- fill remaining space with energy sources
- trial and error
least cost diet formulation
- minimize ration cost while meeting nutrient requirements
- can be dangerous if not understood
ways to describe the results of a diet (9)
- production
- growth
- body condition
- health
- fecal consistency
- behavior
- economy
- food quality
- environmental impact
