1
Q
Experimental Learning Theory (Kolb)
A
Learning occurs through 4 stages of experience
- Concrete experience: Actively caring out an activity
- Reflective observation: Thinking about activity
- Abstract conceptualization: trying to form idea of a model
- Active experimentation: Testing the model.
2
Q
Accommodative
A
Prefers learning through a combination of concrete experiences and active experimentation
Solves problems through trial and error.
3
Q
Assimilative
A
Prefers abstract concepts and reflective conversation.
More interested in abstract ideas than applying them
4
Q
Divergent
A
Prefers concrete experience and reflective observation
likes to work with people/ is imaginative and emotional
5
Q
Convergent
A
Prefers abstract concepts and active experimentation.
Prefers dealing with things than people.
6
Q
Observational/ Vicarious Learning (Bandura)
A
By watching how others interact with environmental stimuli people will want to imitate those behaviors to receive the same reinforcements
7
Q
Generalized Self-Efficacy Scale (GSE)
A
measures an individuals confidence for setting goals, making efforts to achieve them and persisting in those efforts.
Focuses on persons self efficacy coping with everyday problems, adversity, and adaptation to change.
8
Q
Skill Confidence Inventory (SCI)
A
Measures vocational self-efficacy. Focusing on confidence for success in activities coursework and tasks
High Skill Confidence corresponds to a 3-5 or higher score
9
Q
Medical Model
A
- Historical basis of this model emphasizes diagnosis, symptoms, treatment and cure.
- In this model the Physician in the primary practitioner who determines TRs role in treatment
- This model assumes the client has an illness to be healed, cured or treated. Focuses on disease condition not holistic needs.
- Applied in hospitals, clinics, physical medicine and rehabilitation settings
10
Q
Community Model
A
“The special recreation model”
-TR/RT services provides a wide variety if leisure opportunities within the clients community
11
Q
Education or Training Model
A
Helping clients to acquire the knowledge and skills needed to become productive members of society.
- TR teaching leisure and social skills, vocational training, remedial education
- Often applied to individuals with developmental disabilities
12
Q
Psychosocial Rehabilitation Model
A
- Examine and make use of clients abilities and strengths and to remain in the here and now rather than dwell on the past.
- Promote clients optimal level of functioning in the community (which includes residing and participation)
- Help clients to acquire education, vocational skills, social skills, coping skills, adaptation skills, recreational skills and household living skills.
13
Q
Health and Wellness Model
A
Emphasizes promoting wellness (regular physical activity, nutritious diets, avoiding harmful habits, eating junk foods high in sodium, saturated fats, and refined sugar and flour, regular wellness doctor visits)
14
Q
Person Centered Model
A
- Looks at the whole person not as an illness but someone with specific preferences, gifts, dignity and strengths.
- Helps decrease client dependence not he system while promotion client community living, engagement of natural client supports and meaningful client involvement in recovery and a fulfilling life.
15
Q
Recovery Model in Mental Health
A
- Goals is to allow clients to maintain control of their lives and make decisions rather than focusing on returning to previous levels of functioning
- Focusing on the skills and resilience the clients have and encourages them to establish new goals to more forward in life
- Self-determination is central to this model
16
Q
ICF
A
- International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health
- Is the Who framework for measuring health and disability at individual and population levels.
17
Q
Joint Commission on Accreditation of Health Care Organizations (JCAHO)
A
- Grants certification and accreditation to more than 20,500 healthcare programs
- First healthcare accrediting agency to adopt standards for therapeutic recreation
18
Q
Commission on Accreditation of Rehabilitation Facilities (CARF)
A
- Founded 1966
- Nonprofit, independent organization that serves as an external source of accreditation for health and human service providers
19
Q
Medicare part A
A
hospital insurance covers inpatient hospital care, skilled nursing facility, hospice, lab tests, surgery, home health care.
20
Q
Medicare part B
A
(medical insurance) including doctor and other health care providers’ services and outpatient care. Part B also covers durable medical equipment, home health care, and some preventive services.
21
Q
Medicare part C
A
Medicare Advantage Program through with beneficiaries can enroll in private health plan
22
Q
Medicare part D
A
Covers outpatient prescription drugs through private plans that contract with medicare
23
Q
Medicaid
A
administered by individual states and covers medical needs more people of all ages
24
Q
Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act (OBRA)
A
Requires state assessment and reporting of long-term facility resident outcomes receiving medicare/medicaid
Including documentation of physician ordered RT/TR active treatment outcomes and activity preferences.
25
Older Americans Act OAA
Primary mechanism, authorizing state grants for aging related personal training, research and development, social services, community planning and establishing the AoA.
26
Administration on Aging (AoA)
In charge of oversight of various programs for aging adults, including local Area Agency on Aging (AAA) series, day care centers, low cost transportation services and nutrition centers.
27
Rehabilitation Act of 1973
Requires all federal employers and programs and activities receiving federal funding to provide equal access to persons with disabilities.
28
Section 502 of the Rehabilitation Act
Established the access board. Enforcing compliance with the Architectural Barriers Act to ensure design standards were developed to further equal access
29
Section 508 Rehabilitation Act
Increased requirements for federal employers to provide equal access to any electronic and information technology they develop, obtain, maintain , or utilize for people with disabilities.
30
Section 504 Rehabilitation Act
protect people with disabilities against discrimination based on their disabilities by any employers and organizations.
Program Accessibility Act:
- Ramps 8.333 % maximum grade
- Parking Space 12.5 x 20.5
- Hand rails 32” high
- Toilet 20” from floor; stall at least 36 “ wide
31
Agricultural Barriers Act (ABA)
To ensure that certain buildings financed with federal funds are so designed and constructed as to be assemble to the physically handicapped.
32
IDEA
Guarantees students with disabilities the right to free, appropriate public education in the least restrictive environment possible.
Guarantees each student the right to have IEP developed
33
Flow Theory
Various mental states can help or hinder learning. Completing a task requires both challenge and skill balance.
34
Surplus Energy Theory
Getting rid of excess energy
35
Pre-exersice theory
inherited characteristics are the sources of an instinct for engaging in play
36
Catharsis Theory
Play to release repressed thoughts, feelings, and emotions. An outlet for aggression.
37
Compensatory Theory
When means of accomplishing ones goals are blocked, play serves as an outlet for the goals or desires
38
Psychoanalytic Theory of Play
Through repetition, addresses situations that provoke overwhelming anxiety, both adaptively and defensively. Helps gain control over threatening events
39
Instinct-Practice Play
Play helps practicing skills that will be needed as adults
40
Attribution Theory of Play
An individuals internal locus of control primarily determines the forms of play in which they engage in.
41
Agon
Competitive games
42
Alea
Games of chance
43
Mimicry
make believe pretend play
44
Ilinx
dizziness including play (Spinning, rollercoaster)
45
Paidia
Spontaneous play
46
Ludus
controlled play with rules
47
Healthcare Service Delivery System Types
1. Health Promotion and Illness prevention
2. Diagnosis and treatment
3. Rehabilitation
Health, education and social services are commonly included within human services.
48
Leisure Ability Model
Its assumption is that gratifying leisure functioning, enhancing a person's independence, directly improves happiness and quality of life as the main result of TR/RT.
Four Steps: maximum control by specialist>>to>>>minimum control by specialist
1. Assess: ID problem, gather data
2. Treatment: improve functional ability
3. Leisure Education: Acquire knowledge & Skills
4. Leisure Lifestyle: engage in opportunity>participate voluntarily
49
Health Protection/ Health Promotion Model
TR/RT services should focus on engaging clients not merely to recover from illness but to attain optimal health.
Three components: prescriptive activities, recreation and leisure
Goes from TR directed to Client directed
50
TR Service Delivery Model
TR/RT services includes (1) a needs assessment or diagnosis; (2) rehabilitation or treatment for a need or problem; (3) educational services; and (4) activities for prevention and health promotion.
Throughout treatment client moves towards greater autonomy till self sufficient
51
Direct Practice in Therapeutic Recreation
```
Standard 1: Assessment
Standard 2: Treatment planning
Standard 3: Plan Implementation
Standard 4: Reassessment and evaluation
Standard 5: Discharge and transition
Standard 6: Recreation Services
Standard 7: Ethical Conduct
```
52
Management of Therapeutic Recreation
Standard 8: Written plan of operation
Standard 9: Staff qualifications and competency assessment
Standard 10: Quality management
Standard 11: Resource Management
Standard 12: Guidelines for program evaluation and research
53
Principle 1: Beneficence
Treat client in a n ethical manner. Actively making an effort to provide for their wellbeing by maximizing possible benefits and minimizing possible harm
54
Principle 2: Non-Maleficence
Its have the obligation to use their knowledge, abilities and judgement to help a person while resecting their decisions and protecting them from harm.
55
Principle 3: Autonomy
RT have the duty to protect the right of the individual to make his or her own choices. Client has right to decide course of action and if can't decision is made by legal representative
56
Principle 4: Justice
Clients are served fairly. Individuals should receive care without regard to race, color, creed, gender, sexual orientation, age, disease, disability, or financial status
57
Principle 5: Fidelity
First and foremost RT's are obligated to be loyal, faithful and meet commitments with clients and second obligation is to colleagues, agencies and profession
58
Principle 6: Veracity
RT should be truthful and honest
59
Principle 7: Informed Consent
Client must be fully informed and shared in the decision making. They must then consent to treatment
60
Principle 8: Confidentiality and Privacy
RT have the duty to disclose all information to the person seeking services
61
Principle 9: Competence
Responsibility to maintain and improve their knowledge related to the profession
62
Principle 10: Compliance with Laws and Regualtions
Responsible for complying with local, state and federal laws and regualtins
63
Developmental Disabilities
- Low frustration level, short attention span, social immaturity, unable to independently function, poor judgement,
- impairments in adaptive functioning, delays in motor, language, & self care
- Onset before 18
- Subaverage intellectual functioning IQ<70
- Include genetic syndromes, physical disabilities, behavioral disorders, and cognitive disabilities
64
TR for Developmental Disabilities
Offers choice, inclusion, mainstreaming. Age appropriate chronological, not mental age, specially valued integration activities, promote high success activities for low self esteem.
Simplify/Adapt/Repetitive Movements: give choice, structure age appropriate activities
Small structured environment
65
Intellectual Disability
Diagnosed by two dimensions 1. Intellectual ability/IQ(<70) 2. Adaptive functioning (conceptual knowledge, social and practical)
66
TR Intellectual Disability
Focus on decision making, developing, selecting and using leisure skills/resources, age appropriate activities, community inclusion, ADLs, self-care, leisure ed, sensory awareness, social skills
67
Autism Spectrum Disorders
Two core domains:
1. Social interaction and social communication deficits
2. Restricted, repetitive behaviors, interests and activities
(Both domains must be present)
degrees of difficulty recognizing, understanding, and interpreting social nonverbal communications like tone of voice, facial expression, gestures, sarcasm, humor, figurative language, and nonliteral verbal expressions; expressing emotions or affection; initiating/sustaining give-and-take conversations, interactions, and relationships; and coping with unpredictable events, irregular schedules, and transitions among activities
Disorders under this category:
1. Aspergers
2. Childhood disintegrative disorder
3. Pervasive Development Disorder
68
TR for Autism Spectrum Disorder
- Intervention is lifelong
- Provide basis for social interaction and improvement of QOL
- Develop effective motor skills, ADLs, social skills, cognitive skills, community living skills, and physical wellbeing
69
ADHD
Two domains:
1. inattention
2. Hyperactivity/ impulsivity
- 18 symptoms in diagnostic criteria. Children must have at least 6 in one domain and at lest 5 for adults.
70
TBI
Sudden injury to the brain duet external force/impact
Mild indications: headache, mild confusion, disorientation
Severe indications: Unable to talk, walk or carry out ADLs
Affect cognitive, behavioral/emotional and physical functioning
71
Osteogenesis Imperfecta
inherited causing brittle, easily fractured bones and small stature
Severe diagnosis's need wheelchair
be cautious when transferring
72
Osteoporosis
bone mineral loss causing porous, brittle bones.
| It is secondary to bed rest, physical inactivity, cerebral palsy, spinal cord injuries, and cancer treatment
73
Spina Bifida
At birth defect cause by incomplete closure of the spinal column.
Lesion level changes symptom severity anywhere from foot weakness to paraplegia below the waist.
74
Arthritis
Joint inflammation
75
Myasthenia Gravis
chronic disease with flare-ups and remissions, causes progressive muscle weakness. Beginning at eye/facial, jaw and throat muscles and progresses down the body.
Respiratory muscle involvement can be fatal
76
Muscular Dystrophies
Progressive atrophy and weakness in voluntary muscles. Daily exercise slows progression
77
RT for Muscular Dystrophy
Should enhance QOL by improving social networks, augmenting self-control, fostering meaningful use of spare time, maintaining strength, ROM, mobility and prolonging independent functioning
Muscles used for breathing and wheelchair ambulation benefit from yoga, swimming and rhythmic breathing
are prevented though stretching, flexion/extension of muscles
78
TR for Arthritis
Swimming, cycling, stretching, relaxation, creative movement, and target/ throwing games to encourage full ROM movement and prevent extend weight bearing durations
Leisure education
79
TR for Osteoporosis
Passive ROM exercise and tilt-tables can slow calcium loss rates
For ambulatory clients resistance/weight bearing exercise like yoga and walking help
80
TR for Myasthenia Gravis
Maintain breathing capacity, allows rest periods and avoid prolonged walking/standing through swimming. Social and cognitive experiences like journaling further self control, expression and cobalt depression.
81
Cerebral Palsy
Impairs the brain's ability to control and coordinate the muscles
can be monoplegia, diplegia, triplegia, paraplegia or quadriplegia.
Symptoms: spasticity, muscle hypertension, contractions and uncontrolled stretch reflex. Constant uncontrollable, involuntary , unpredictable and purposeless movement
82
Seizure disorders
Episodes of abnormal brain activity causing sudden changes in conscious behavior and involuntary motor activity
83
Absence/petit mal seizure
brief lapses in consciousness
84
Tonic-clonic/ grand mal seizures
Involve rigid then jersey movements, loss of consciousness, and sleep
85
Atonic/ drop seizures
involve momentary consciousness lapse and loss of postural tone
86
Multiple Sclerosis
Destroys the myelin sheath protecting the brain and spinal cord, replacing it with scare tissue interrupting nerve impulse transmission
Can be benign or relapsing-remitting, progressive or combinations
87
TR and Cerebral Palsy
Help clients tolerate longer movement periods with less tension fatigue and overstimulation through weightlifting, water aerobics and individualized relaxation and stress management .
Swimming, horseback riding, cycling and target activities incorporate balance, extension and motor functioning
Increase self-confidence
88
Coronary Heart disease
decreased blood supply to the heart resulting from narrowed coronary arteries
89
TR and Seizure Disorders
Encourage normalization, reduce stress, fears & stigma, relaxation, community activities, increase locus of control
90
Diabetes
TRs implement health promotion and education programs
| Evaluate and monitor diet, exercise, blood sugar levels, medications and secondary complications
91
Schizophrenia
Impaired ability to perceive, process, and respond to reality
Symptoms include delusions, hallucinations, incoherence, lack of insight, distractibility; flattened or inappropriate affect; extreme inactivity or hyperactivity, bizarre, repetitious behaviors, impaired social skills
92
TR for Schizophrenia
Psychosocial therapy, family education, social reinforcement and reduce home stressors.
Interventions: structured group exercise, recreation experiences, social interaction
Increase attention span, cognitive language, decision making skills, following rules, coping mechanisms
93
Depression
feelings of overwhelming sadness, helplessness, hopelessness and suicidal ideations to escape misery
w
94
Mania
Involves excessive energy, hyperactivity, unrealistic feelings of power and invincibility, irritability and insomnia. May go on binges for days with no sleep
95
Bipolar disorder
Involves dramatic , cyclical swings between mania and depression. tremens often includes mood stabilizing medications such as lithium
96
Anxiety Disorder
Excessive worry over anything/everything, disrupting sleeping/eating/working/normal life
97
Panic Disorder
involves periodic, sudden intense anxiety attacks with physiological systems
NCTRC
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