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Fracture classifications Flashcards

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1
Q

Scapula Fx (Ideberg)

A
  • Ideberg
  • I: Anterior avulsion (ant. rim fx)
  • IIA: Transverse Fx through glenoid fossa exiting inferiorly
  • IIB: Oblique fx through the glenoid fossa exiting inferiorly
  • III: oblique fx through the glenoid exiting superiorly and often associated with an acromioclavicular joint injury
  • IV: Transverse fx exiting through the medial border of the scapula
  • V: combination of type II and type IV
  • VI: comminuted glenoid fx
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2
Q

Scapula fx (acromial)

A
  • Type I: minimally displaced
  • Type II: Displaced but does not reduce the subacromiall space
  • Type III: Displaced with narrowing of the subacromial space
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3
Q

Scapula fx (Coracoid)

A
  • Type I: proximal to CC ligaments

- Type II: Distal to CC ligaments

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4
Q

AC joint injury

A
  • Rockwood grade
  • I: AC ligament sprain
  • II: AC tear, CC intact but sprained
  • III: AC and CC torn with AC dislocation. Deltoid and trapezius muscles are usually detached from the distal clavicle
  • IV: III with posterior displacement
  • V: III with > 100% displacement
  • VI: III with inferior displacement
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5
Q

What is a hill-Sachs lesion?

A
  • A posterolateral head defect that is caused by an impression fracture on the glenoid rim
  • This is seen in 27% of acute anterior dislocations and 74% of recurrent anterior dislocations
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6
Q

What is a Bankart Lesion?

A
  • “Bony Bankart”
  • Associated with glenoid rim fx
  • Avulsion of anterio inferior labrum off glenoid rim
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7
Q

HAGL lesion

A
  • This involves a stretching or tearing of the capsule, usually off the glenoid, but occasionally off the humerus due to avulsion of the glenohumeral ligaments
  • humeral avulsion of Glenohumeral lig
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8
Q

Proximal humerus classification

A
  • Based on # of parts
  • A part is defined as displaced if there is > 1 cm of fracture displacement or > 45 degrees of angulation
  • 1 part: No displaced fragment (regardless of # of fx lines)
  • 2 part: Anatomic neck, surgical neck, GT, or LT
  • 3 part: surgical neck + GT or surgical neck _+ LT
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9
Q

What is a Helstein-Lewis Fx?

A

-Spiral fx of distal 1/3 of humeral shaft associated with neuropraxia of Radial N.

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10
Q

Distal humerus Fx classification (Intercondylar)

A
  • Riseborough and Radin . . Intercondylar
  • Type I: Nondisplaced
  • Type II: Displaced but not rotated
  • Type III: displaced and rotated
  • Type IV: Displaced, rotated and comminuted
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11
Q

Distal Humerus fx . . . Condylar

A
  • Milch
  • Type I: lateral trochlear ridge left intact
  • Type II: Lateral Trochlear ridge part of the condylar fragment (medial or lateral)
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12
Q

Distal Humerus Fx . . Supracondylar

A

Gartland

  • Based on degree of displacement
  • Type I: Nondisplaced
  • Type II: Displaced with intact posterior cortex. May be angulated or rotated
  • Type III: Complete displacement; posteromedial or posterolateral
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13
Q

Capitellum fx classification

A
  • Bryan and Morrey
  • Type I: (Hahn-Steinthal frag) - involves large part of capitellum
  • Type II: (Kocher-Lorenz frag) - Shear fx of articular cartiilage; . . “uncapping of the condyle”
  • Type III: severely comminuted (morrey)
  • Type IV: Coronal Shear fx with extension into Trochlea (McKee)
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14
Q

Olecranon Fractures . . Colton

A

-Colton: Nondisplaced (< 2 mm) or Displaced (Avulsion, T/O, Comminuted, fx-dislocation)

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15
Q

Olecranon Fx . . Mayo

A
  • Type I fractures are nondisplaced or minimally displaced and are subclassified as either noncomminuted (type IA) or comminuted (type IB)
  • Type II fractures have displacement of the proximal fragment without elbow instability; type IIA noncomminuted. Type IIB comminuted
  • Type III fx feature instability of the ulnohumeral joint
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16
Q

Coronoid process fx class

A
  • Regan and Morrey, based on size of fragment
  • Type I: avulsion of the tip of the coronoid process
  • Type II, a single or comminuted fragment involving 50% of the coronoid process or less
  • Type III: a single or comminuted fragment involving > 50% of the process
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17
Q

Radial Head Fx classification

A
  • Mason
  • Type I: Nondisplaced
  • Type II: Marginal fractures with displacement (impaction, depression, angulation)
  • Type III: Comminuted fractures involving the entire head
  • Type IV: Associated with dislocation of the elbow
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18
Q

What is an Essex-Lopresti lesion?

A

-This is defined as longitudinal disruption of forearm interosseous ligament, usually combined with radial head fracture and/or dislocation plus distal radioulnar joint injury

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19
Q

What is the elbow terrible triad

A
  • Elbow dislocation
  • Radial Head fx
  • Coronoid process fx
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20
Q

Elbow instability scale

A
  • Morrey
  • I: posterolateral rotatory instability: + pivot shift test; lateral ulnar collateral ligament disrupted
  • II: Perched condyles; varus instability; lateral ulnar collateral ligament, anterior and posterior capsule disrupted
  • IIIa: Posteror dislocation; valgus instability; lateral ulnar collateral ligament, anterior and posterior capsule and posterior MCL disrupted
  • IIIb: posterior dislocations; grossly unstable; lateral ulnar collateral ligament, anterior and posterior capsule, anterior and posterior MCL disrupted
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21
Q

What is nursemaid’s elbow

A

-Annular ligament stretches and radial head subluxates

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22
Q

What is a Monteggia Fx?

A

Proximal ulnar shaft fx + radial head dislocation

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23
Q

Fx classification for monteggia fx?

A
  • BADO (based on Radial head location)
  • I: Anterior disloc. with ant. angulated fx of ulna
  • II: Post. Dis. with post angulated fx of ulna
  • III: Lat. or anterolat. disloc. with rx of radius AND ulna
  • IV: ant. disloc. with a fx of radius AND ulna
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24
Q

Monteggia fx are produced by various mechanisms. Describe the mechanisms of injury based on Bado classification?

A
  • Type I: Forced pronation of forearm
  • Type II: Axial loading of the forearm with a flexed elbow
  • Type III: Forced abduction of the elbow
  • Type IV: Type I mechanism in which the radial shaft additionally fails
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25
What is a Galeazzi fx?
-Fx of the radial diaphysis at the junction of the middle and distal thirds with associated disruption of the distal radioulnar joint
26
What is a Reverse Galeazzi fx
-Distal 1/3 of ulna with associated disruption of the distal radioulnar joint
27
What is a Barton's fx
-FX- dislocation of wrist in which the dorsal or volar rim of the the distal radius is displaced with the hand and carpus
28
What is a Chauffeur fx?-
Radial styloid fx
29
What is a die-punch fx
Depressed fx of Lunate fossa of distal radius
30
Most common location of Scaphoid fx
"waist" . . in the middle
31
Describe the Mayfield progression of perilunate injuries
I: schapho-lunate disruption II: Luno-capitate disruption III: Luno-Triquetral disrupation IV: Lunate (peri) dislocation
32
Perilunate injuries can occur around the greater or the lesser arch . . . describe the difference?
- Greater arc injury: Associated with carpal fx | - lesser arc injury: Ligamentous injuries
33
Describe the types of fractures to the MC base of thumb
- Type I (Bennett): Volar lip fx | - Type II (Rolando): Comminuted
34
Describe a Mallet finger
Extensor Digitorum avulsion from distal Phalanx
35
Describe a Jersey finger
-Flexor Digitorum profundus avulsion from P3
36
Describe Gamekeeper's thumb
-Thumb MCP ulnar collateral ligament
37
Describe classification of Sacral Fx?
- Denis class - Type I: Vertical fx (Zone 1, 2, 3, Lat --> med) - Type II: Transverse - Type III: oblique - Complex: U or H shape
38
Describe the pelvic ring fx classification system - LC: lateral Compression - APC: Anteroposterior compression - VS: Vertical shear
- Young & Bergess - All LC have transverse fx of pubic rami - LC I: Sacral compression on side of impact - LC II: Crescent (iliac wing) fx on side of impact - LC III: LC-I or LC-II injury on side of impact; contralateral open-book (APC) injury - All APC have symphyseal diastasis or longitudinal rami fx - APC I: <2.5 cm symphysis diastasis - APC II: >2.5 cm pubic diastasis, ST, Ant. SI lig injury - APC III: complete SIJ disruption . . all ligaments and symphysis - VS: ST, SS, A + P SI lig disruption + rami fx
39
Which pelvic ring fx are vertically unstable
- LC III - APC III - VS
40
This is a classification of acetabular Fxs that describes the fracture pattern. There are 10 fx patterns. 5 elementary and 5 associated
-Judet-Letournel
41
Describe the 10 fx patterns of Judet Letrournel classification of acetabular fx
``` Elementary -Post. Wall -Post Column -Anterior Wall -Anterior column Transverse Associated fxs -T-shaped -Post. Column AND wall -Transverse and post. wall -Ant column + posterior hemitransverse -Associated Both-column (ABC) ```
42
Posterior hip dislocation class
- Thompson and Epstein - Type I: simple with/without insignificant post wall frag - Type II: Ass. w/ single large post wall frag - Type III: Ass. w/ comminuted post wall frag - Type IV: Ass. w/ fx of acetabular floor - Type V: Ass. with fx of femoral head (Pipkin class)
43
Anteror hip dislocation class
- Epstein - I (A, B, C) - Superior, including pubic + subspinous - II (A, B, C) - Inferior, including obturator + perineal - A: No ass. fx - B: Ass. Femoral head fx - C: Ass. Acetabular fx
44
Femoral Head fx classification system
- Pipkin (all w/ assoc. hip dislocations) - Type I: Fx below fovea capitis femoris - Type II: Fx above fovea capitis femoris - Type III: Type I or II + femoral neck fx - Type IV: Type I or II + acetabular rim fx (usually post. wall)
45
Femoral neck fx class
- Garden . . look at hip notecards | - Pauwel . . . same as above
46
Intertrochanteric fx classification
- Evans - IA: Nondisplaced - IB: 2 parts, nondisplaced - IIA: 3 part, GT frag - IIB: 3 part, LT frag - III: 4 part
47
What is the evans class of intertroch fxs based on?
- Based on prereduction and postreduction stability - In stable fx patterns, the posteromedial cortex remains intact or has minimal comminution - Unstable patterns are characterized by greater comminution of the posteromedial cortex
48
What are the 4 features that would make an intertroch fx unstable
- Posteromedial cortex (calcar) comminution - Subtroch. extension - Reverse obliquity - Lateral wall
49
What are the 2 classifications of Subtrochanteric fractures?
- Russell-Taylor | - Fielding
50
Describe the Russell-Taylor classification of Subtrochanteric fx?
- I: No piriformis fossa extension/involvment - IA: LT attached to proximal frag (fx below LT) - IB: LT detached (involnes LT) - II: Fx involved piriformis fossa - IIA: Stable medial construct (Calcar) - IIB: piriformis foss and LT comminution
51
Describe the Fielding classification of subtrochanteric fx?
- I: At the level of LT - II: < 2.5 cm below LT - III: 2.5 - 5 cm below
52
Femoral Shaft Fx classification
- Winquist and Hansen - Based on fx comminution - I: Minimal or no comminution - II: Cortices of both fragments at least 50% intact - III: 50% to 100% cortical comminution - IV: Circumferential comminution with no cortical contact
53
Classification of Distal Femur fx
- OA/Muller (level of comminution + articular inv.) - A (1, 2, 3): Extraarticular - B (1, 2, 3): Unicondylar - C (1, 2, 3) Bicondylar; articular frag separated from shaft
54
Classification of patellar fx
- Descriptive - Open vs. Closed - Nondisplaced vs. displaced - Pattern: Stellate, comminuted, Transverse, vertical (marginal), polar osteochondral
55
What are the 2 classifications of knee dislocations and what is each based on?
- Kennedy (Direction of displacement of tibia) | - Schenck (pattern of ligamentous injury)
56
Describe the Kennedy classification of knee dislocation
-Anterior > Post > Lateral > rotational > medial
57
Describe the Schenck classification of knee dislocation
- KD I: ACL or PCL - KD II: ACL + PCL - KD III (M/L): ACL + PCL + PMC or PLC - KD IV: ACL + PCL + PMC + PLC (highest risk of popliteal a. injury) - KD V: Dislocation + fx
58
Describe the classification of Tibial Plateau fx
- Schatzker - I: Lateral plateau split fx - II: Lateral split + depression (most common) - III: Lateral Depression - IV: Medial plateau fx - V: Bicondylar plateau fx - VI: Fx + metaphysis-diaphysis separation
59
Tibial Plafond (pilon) fx
- Ruedi and Allgower (Comminution and displacement of articular surface) - I: no to minimal displacement - II: Displacement w/ minimal impaction or comminution - III: Displaced w/ comminution + metaphyseal impaction
60
What are the 2 classifications of ankle fxs?
- Weber (location of fibular fx) | - Lauge-Hansen (Foot position + mechanism or force of impact
61
Describe the Weber classification of ankle fxs?
- Type A: Fx of fibula below the level of the tibial plafond . . supination of foot may be associated with an oblique or vertical fx of medial malleolus . . equivalent to Sup-Add injury of LH class - Type B: oblique or spiral fx of fibula at level of plafond . . SER LH class - Type C: fx of fibula above level of plafond and ass. with medial injury PER or PAB III
62
What are the 4 Lauge-Hansen ankle fxs?
- Supination Adduction (SAD) - Supination External Rotation (SER) - Pronation Abduction (PAB) - Pronation External Rotation (PER)
63
Describe stages of SER Lauge-Hansen fx
- I: AITFL +/- avulsion fx of tib/fib attachments - II: Spiral fx of distal fibula from ant. inferior to Post. superior - III: PITFL disruption or fx of posterior malleolus - IV: Trans. avulsion fx of medial malleolus or deltoid lig
64
Describe the stages of SAD Lauge-Hansen fx
I: either transverse avulsion type fx of fibula distal to level of joint or rupture of LCL II: results in vertical medial malleolus fx *****
65
Describe the stages of a PAB Lauge-Hansen fx
I: either transverse fx of the medial malleolus or a rupture of the deltoid II: either rupture of the syndesmotic ligaments or an avulsion fx at their insertion sites III: Transverse or short oblique fx of distal fibula at or above the level of the syndesmosis . . . lateral comminution or a butterfly fragments
66
Describe the stages of a PER Lauge-Hansen fx
I: Transverse fx of medial malleolus or deltoid II: AITFL +/- avulstion fx of tibial/fibular attachment III: Spiral fx of distal fibular at or above syndesmosis from Anterior superior to Posterior inferior IV: PITFL or avulsion fx of posterolateral tibia
67
Correlate Weber injuries to their Lauge Hansen class
- A: SAD - B: SER - C: PER or PAB
68
What classification for periprosthetic fx of Total HIp
- Vancouver - Type A: Fracture in the trochanteric region - A(G): Greater trochanter region - A(L): Lesser trochanteric region - Type B: Around or just distal to the stem - B1: Stable prosthesis - B2 Unstable prosthesis - B3: unstable prosthesis plus inadequate bone stock - Type C: Well below the stem
69
Describe the classification for lateral ankle ligament sprain
- Mild: Minimal loss of fxn, no limp, min. swelling, point tenderness, pain w/ reproduction of injury mechanism - Moderate: Moderate loss of fxn, no hop or toe rise, + limp, + swelling, and + point tenderness - Severe: Diffuse tenderness, swelling, preference for non-weight bearing
70
Syndesmosis sprain grades
- I: diastasis involves lat. subluxation w/o fx - II: Lat. subluxation w/ plastic deformation of fibula - III: Post. subluxation/ dislocation of fibula - IV: Sup. subluxation/ dislocation of talus within mortise
71
What are the 2 calcaneus fx classifications
- Essex-Lopresti | - Sanders
72
Describe the Essex-Lopresti classification of calcaneus fx
- Primary fx is intraarticular, throught the posterior facet - Joint depression (secondary fx is just behind post. facet dorsally) - Tongue type (secondary fx is through tuberosity
73
Describe the Sanders classification of calcaneus fx
- Per coronal CT of post. facet - I: no displacement - II: 2 part fx of posterior facet, A, B, C (Lat --> med): base on location of primary fx line - III: 3 part fx w/ centrally depressed fragment, AB, AC, and BC - IV: 4 part articular fx, highly comminuted
74
Talar neck fx classification
- Hawkins (predicts risk of AVN) - I: Non-displaced (<10%) - II: Subtalar dislocation (40%) - III: II + tibiotalar dislocation (90%) - IV: III + Talonavicular dislocation (100%)
75
Tarsal navicular fx classification
- Sangeorzan (fx of navicular body) - I: splits navicular into dorsal and plantar segments - II: cleaves into medial and lateral segments - III: comminution of fragments and significant displacement of medial and lateral poles
76
What are the fx classifications for Tarsometatarsal (Lisfranc) joint?
- Ouenu & Kuss | - Myerson
77
Describe the Ouenu and Kuss classification of Tarsometatarsal (Lisfranc) joints?
- Based on commonly observed patterns of injury - Homolateral: All five metatarsals displaced in same direction - Isolated: One or two metatarsals displaced from the others - Divergent: Displacement of the metatarsals in both the sagittal and coronal planes
78
Describe the Myerson classification of Tarsometatarsal (Lisfranc) joints?
- Based on commonly observed patterns of injury with regard to treatment - Total incongruity: Lateral and dorsoplantar - Partial incongruity: Medial and lateral - Divergent: Partial and total
79
What are the different fx of the 5th metatarsal base?
- Zone I: (pseudo-jones) - Avulsion fx of proximal tubercle - Zone II: (Jones) - meta-diaphyseal jxn - Zone III: proximal 1.5 cm of diaphyseal shaft
80
Fx classification for 1st MTP joint
- Bowers & Martin - I: Strain @ proximal attachment of volar plate from 1st MT head - II: Avulsion of volar plate from MT head - III: Impaction of dorsal surface of MT head +/- avulsion chip fx
81
Classification of Spinal cord injury
- Frankel - A: Absent motor and sensory fxn - B: Absent motor fxn; sensation present - C: Motor fxn present but not sueful (2-3/5); Sensation present - D: Motor fxn present & useful (4/5); sensation present - E: Normal motor (5/5) and sensory fxn
82
Fx classification for spondylolisthesis (forward displacement of vertebrae, especially L5 over S1)
- Myerding - I: <25% - II: 25-50% - III: 50-75% - IV: 75-100% - V: > 100% (spondyloptosis)
83
What are the Classifications for periprosthetic fractures around a Total Knee?
- Lewis & Rorabeck (supracondylar) - Felix (Tibial fx) - Goldberg (patella) - Stability of implant subtypes
84
Describe the Lewis and Rorabeck periprosthetic knee fxs?
- Supracondylar - I: nondisplaced, bone-prosthesis interface intact - II: Displaced, interface intact - III: Loose or failing prosthesis w/ displaced or nondisplaced fx
85
Describe the Felix periprosthetic knee fxs?
- Tibial - I: occur in tibial plateau - II: Adjacent to stem - III: Distal to prosthesis - IV: involved tibial tubercle
86
Describe the Goldberg periprosthetic knee fxs?
- Patella - I: not involving cement/implant composite or quadriceps mechanics - II: Involving cement/implant composite and/or quad mechanics - IIIA: Inferior pole fx w/ patellar ligament disruption - IIIB: Inferior pole w/o patellar ligament disruption - IV: Fx-dislocation
87
Total Shoulder periprosthetic fx classification
- University of Texas San Antonio - I: proximal to tip of humeral prosthesis - II: proximal humerus w/ distal extension beyond stem tip - III: Entirely distal to tip of humeral prosthesis - IV: Adjacent to glenoid prosthesis
88
Total Elbow periprosthetic fx classification
- Type I: fx proximal to humeral component - Type II: Humerus or ulna in an location along length of prosthesis - Type III: Distal to ulnar component - Type IV: Fx of implant
89
Classification of Open Fxs?
- Gustilo & Anderson - I: Wound < 1 cm - II: Wound 1-10 cm - IIIA: > 10 cm, high energy, adequate tissue for coverage, extensive comminution fxs (even if wound < 10 cm) - IIIB: Extensive periosteal stripping; inadequate tissue for coverage; requires free soft tissue transfer - IIIC: Vascular injury requiring repair
90
What is the Tscherne Classification of closed Fxs?
Grade 0: Minimal soft tissue damage, indirect injury to limb (torsion), simple fx pattern - Grade 1: Superficial abrasion or contusion, mild fx pattern - Grade 2: Deep abrasion, skin or muscle contusion, severe fx patter - Grade 3: Extensive skin contusion or crush injury, severe damage to underlying muscle, compartment syndrome
91
Classification of Chondromalacia?
- Outerbridge - I: Softening of articular cartilage - II: "crabmeat" appearance; some fissuring - III: Fissures reach down to bone - IV: Areas of visibly exposed bone
92
Classifications of Discoid meniscus tears?
- Wantanabe - I: Complete - II: Incomplete - III: Wrisberg (no post. meniscotibial attach to tibia)
93
ACL injury classification
- Lachman test (knee in 20-30 degree flexion) - I: < 5 mm translation - II (A/B): 5-10 mm translation - III (A/B) - > 10 mm translation - A: firm endpoint - B: no endpoint
94
PCL injury classification
- Posterior Drawer test (knee in 90 degrees flexion) - I (partial isolated): 1-5 mm post. translation of tibia; Tibial remains ant. to femoral condyles - II: Complete isolated: 6-10 mm post. translation; Ant. Tibia flush w/ femoral condyles - III (PCL + capsuloligament) - > 10 mm post translation; Tibia post. to condyles; assoc. ACL and/or PLC injury
95
MCL injury (sprain) grades
- I: stretch injury, intact ligamentous integrity, min. torn fibers - II: partial MCL tear, joint laxity, fibers remain apposed, (+) endpoint @ 30 degrees flexion w/ valgus stress - III: complete MCL tear, gross laxity, no endpoint
96
LCL injury (sprain) grades
- I Minimal ligamentous disruption - II: partial - III: complete
97
PLC injury grades (also for MCL/LCL laxity testing @ 30 degrees flexion)
- I: 0-5 mm lat opening + minimal ligament disruption - II: 5-10 mm lat opening + moderate ligament disruption - III: > 10 mm lat opening + severe lig disruption + no endpoint
98
What are the classifications of SLAP lesions?
- Snyder | - Maffet (sub-classification)
99
Describe the Snyder classification of SLAP lesions?
- I: Labral and biceps fraying, anchor intact - II: Labral fraying with detached biceps tendon anchor - III: Bucket handle tear, intact biceps tendon anchor (biceps separates from bucket handle tear) - IV: Bucket handle tear with detached biceps tendon anchor (remains attached to bucket handle tear)
100
Describe the Maffet classification of SLAP lesions?
- V: Type II + anterointerior labral extension (Bankart lesion) - VI: Type II + unstable flap - VII: Type II + MGHL injury - VIII: Type II + posterior extension - IX: circumferential - X: Type II + posteroinferior extension
101
What fx? Avulsion fx of posterior tibia
-Curbstone
102
What fx? Anterior fibular tubercle avulsion by AITFL
LeFord-Wagstaffe
103
What fx? Avulsion of Anterior tibial margin by AITFL
Tillaux-Chaput
104
What fx? PER-type injury; complete syndesmosis disruption and diastasis + proximal fibula fx
Maisonneuve
105
Classification for lateral epicondyle fx
Milch - Type I: lateral to trochlear groove, does NOT enter trochlear groove - Type II: fx line extends medially into trochlear (more common, unstable)
106
Classification for Jersey finger (FDP rupture)
- Leddy and Packer classification - based on level of tendon retraction and presence of fx - Type I: FDP tendon retracted to palm (leads to vascular disruption) - Type 2: retracts to PIP joint - Type 3: Large avulsion fx limits retraction to level of DIP joint - type 4: osseous fragment and simultaneous avulsion of tendon from fx fragment - Type 5: ruptured tendon with bone avulsion with bony comminution of remaining distal phalanx
107
2 classifications of nerve injury
- Seddon | - Sunderland
108
describe Seddon classification of nerve injury
- Neuropraxia: local myelin damage (often from compression or local ischemia), axon intact with NO wallerian degerneration - Axonotmesis: axon and myeline sheath disruption leads to conduction block with Wallerian degeneration, endoneurium remains intact - Neurotmesis: complete nerve division with disruption of endoneurium
109
Describe sunderland classification of nerve injury
- 1st degree: local myelin damage (same as seddon's neuropraxia) - 2nd: Axon and myelin disruption . .same as Axonotmesis - 3rd: injury with endoneurial scarring - 4th: nerve in continuity but at the level of injury there is complete scarring across nerve - 5th: all layers disrupted - 3 through 5 are included in seddon's neurotmesis
110
Classification for Basilar thumb arthritis
- Eaton and Littler - Stage 1: Slight joint space widening (pre-arthritis) - Stage 2: Slight narrowing of CMC joint with sclerosis, osteophytes < 2 mm - Stage 3: Marked narrowing of CMC joint with osteophytes > 2 mm - Stage 4: Pantrapezial arthritis (STT involved)
111
what classification system is used to guide indication for cemented or uncemented femoral component fixation in a THA?
Dorr classification
112
describe dorr classification
- Type A: Ratio <0.5, cortices seen on both AP and lateral XR, uncement - Type B: ratio .5 to .75, thinning of posterior cortex on lateral XR, uncemented - Type C: ratio >.75, thinning of cortices on both views, ("stovepipe" femur), Cement
Ortho
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