Peds Exam 2 Chapter 44 > Fractures > Flashcards

Fractures Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the most common type of scoliosis?

A

Idiopathic scoliosis, with the majority of cases occurring during adolescence.

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2
Q

How is scoliosis defined by degree of curvature?

A

Lateral curvature of the spine greater than 10 degrees.

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3
Q

What are possible causes of scoliosis?

A

May be congenital, associated with other disorders, or acquired.

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4
Q

What are the main types of scoliosis?

A

Idiopathic, neuromuscular, congenital.

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5
Q

What are the goals of scoliosis management?

A

Preventing progression of the curve and decreasing impact on pulmonary and cardiac function.

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6
Q

What non-surgical management option is used for scoliosis?

A

Braces (multiple types based on severity).

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7
Q

When is surgery considered for scoliosis?

A

Surgical repair is used for severe cases.

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8
Q

What is the purpose of bracing in scoliosis?

A

To prevent progression of the curve, not to correct the current curve.

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9
Q

How long should a scoliosis brace be worn?

A

Recommended 18 hours per day.

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10
Q

What factors contribute to noncompliance with brace wear?

A

Discomfort (pain, heat, poor fit), family environment not conducive, and adolescent body image concerns.

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11
Q

What skin care is recommended with brace wear?

A

Inspect skin integrity; skin should be dry; cotton T-shirt can be worn underneath.

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12
Q

Why is exercise encouraged in patients wearing braces?

A

To prevent atrophy and maintain spine flexibility.

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13
Q

What is a common issue with adolescent brace compliance?

A

Many adolescents are not compliant with brace wear.

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14
Q

Can scoliosis progress even with proper bracing?

A

Yes, some curves will progress despite appropriate bracing and compliance.

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15
Q

What is a spinal cord injury (SCI)?

A

Damage to the spinal cord that results in loss of function.

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16
Q

What are common causes of spinal cord injury?

A

Trauma such as car accidents, falls, diving into shallow water, gunshot or stab wounds, sports injuries, child abuse, or birth injuries.

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17
Q

How common are spinal cord injuries in children?

A

Uncommon in children.

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18
Q

Why is spinal cord injury considered an emergency?

A

It is a medical emergency requiring immediate medical attention.

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19
Q

What is often used initially in cervical spinal cord injuries?

A

Cervical traction.

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20
Q

Is surgery always required for spinal cord injury?

A

No, surgical intervention is sometimes necessary.

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21
Q

What does therapeutic management of SCI focus on?

A

Rehabilitation and prevention of complications.

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22
Q

How is spinal cord injury managed in children compared to adults?

A

Managed similarly to adults.

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23
Q

What motor deficit may occur with spinal cord injury?

A

Inability to move extremities.

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24
Q

What sensory deficits may be present with spinal cord injury?

A

Numbness and tingling.

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25
What muscle strength change may occur in SCI?
Weakness.
26
What movement loss occurs below the level of spinal cord injury?
Loss of voluntary movement below the level of the lesion.
27
When can breathing be affected in spinal cord injury?
If injury is at a high cervical vertebra.
28
How does injury level relate to function loss?
The higher the injury, the greater the loss of function.
29
What vehicular safety education helps prevent spinal cord injury?
Seat belt use and proper use of age-appropriate safety seats.
30
What activity-related safety education is recommended?
Bicycle, sports, and recreation safety; prevention of falls.
31
What violence-related education helps prevent SCI?
Violence prevention including gun safety.
32
What water safety education helps prevent SCI?
Education about the risk of diving.
33
Why is education important in preventing spinal cord injury?
Education can help decrease the incidence of spinal cord injury in children.
34
How common are fractures in children and adolescents?
Occur frequently, especially in the forearm and wrist.
35
What is the most common cause of fractures?
Accidental trauma.
36
What nonaccidental cause must be considered with fractures?
Child abuse.
37
What disease processes can cause fractures?
Rickets, renal osteodystrophy, osteogenesis imperfecta.
38
How do sports contribute to fractures?
Participation in sports, especially contact sports.
39
How does lack of protective equipment increase fracture risk?
Failure to use recommended protective equipment (e.g., wrist guards while rollerblading).
40
Why is the growth plate important in pediatric fractures?
It is the most vulnerable portion of the child’s bone and frequently injured.
41
What are common types of fractures shown in children?
Transverse, linear, oblique (nondisplaced), oblique (displaced), spiral, greenstick, comminuted.
42
Why are fractures in newborns or non-walking infants concerning?
They raise high suspicion for abuse (except birth trauma).
43
What fracture types are especially concerning for abuse in children <2 years?
Spiral femur fractures, rib fractures, and humerus fractures.
44
What assessment finding may indicate child abuse?
Inconsistencies between history and clinical picture or mechanism of injury.
45
What history findings may be reported with fractures?
Recent injury, trauma, or a fall.
46
What pain-related symptom is common with fractures?
Complaint of pain.
47
What mobility changes may indicate a fracture?
Difficulty bearing weight, limp, or refusal to use an extremity.
48
How might fractures present in young children?
Sudden irritability and refusal to bear weight.
49
How should the injured area be assessed in children?
Carefully palpate while distracting the child with toys or activities.
50
What is point tenderness?
Pain felt when pressure is placed on the injury site.
51
Why is point tenderness important?
A reliable indicator of fracture in children.
52
What neurovascular components must be assessed?
Color, movement, sensation, edema, and pulse quality.
53
Why is baseline neurovascular assessment critical?
To identify changes related to compartment syndrome quickly.
54
How do many childhood fractures heal?
Heal well with splinting only.
55
What are benefits of casting?
Provides more comfort and allows increased activity during healing.
56
Why might casting be delayed after injury?
Initial swelling may subside, allowing successful casting a few days later.
57
What should be done immediately after a fracture?
Immobilize the limb above and below the injury site.
58
How is swelling reduced after fracture?
Cold therapy for the first 48 hours.
59
How should the injured extremity be positioned?
Elevated above the level of the heart.
60
What ongoing assessments are required after fracture?
Frequent neurovascular checks.
61
How should pain be managed after fracture?
Assess pain level, administer pain medications as needed, and use nonpharmacologic methods.
62
What is compartment syndrome?
A painful condition where pressure within muscles builds to dangerous levels.
63
Why is compartment syndrome a medical emergency?
Can cause permanent muscle damage if not treated quickly.
64
How does compartment syndrome affect circulation?
Decreases blood flow, preventing oxygen and nourishment from reaching nerve and muscle cells.
65
What improves once pressure is relieved in compartment syndrome?
Pain, color, and pulse with improved perfusion.
66
What are the 5 P’s of compartment syndrome?
Pain (out of proportion), pulselessness, pallor, paresthesia, paralysis.
67
What is the most common type of scoliosis?
Idiopathic scoliosis, with the majority of cases occurring during adolescence.
68
How is scoliosis defined by degree of curvature?
Lateral curvature of the spine greater than 10 degrees.
69
What are possible causes of scoliosis?
May be congenital, associated with other disorders, or acquired.
70
What are the main types of scoliosis?
Idiopathic, neuromuscular, congenital.
71
What are the goals of scoliosis management?
Preventing progression of the curve and decreasing impact on pulmonary and cardiac function.
72
What non-surgical management option is used for scoliosis?
Braces (multiple types based on severity).
73
When is surgery considered for scoliosis?
Surgical repair is used for severe cases.
74
What is the purpose of bracing in scoliosis?
To prevent progression of the curve, not to correct the current curve.
75
How long should a scoliosis brace be worn?
Recommended 18 hours per day.
76
What factors contribute to noncompliance with brace wear?
Discomfort (pain, heat, poor fit), family environment not conducive, and adolescent body image concerns.
77
What skin care is recommended with brace wear?
Inspect skin integrity; skin should be dry; cotton T-shirt can be worn underneath.
78
Why is exercise encouraged in patients wearing braces?
To prevent atrophy and maintain spine flexibility.
79
What is a common issue with adolescent brace compliance?
Many adolescents are not compliant with brace wear.
80
Can scoliosis progress even with proper bracing?
Yes, some curves will progress despite appropriate bracing and compliance.
81
What is a spinal cord injury (SCI)?
Damage to the spinal cord that results in loss of function.
82
What are common causes of spinal cord injury?
Trauma such as car accidents, falls, diving into shallow water, gunshot or stab wounds, sports injuries, child abuse, or birth injuries.
83
How common are spinal cord injuries in children?
Uncommon in children.
84
Why is spinal cord injury considered an emergency?
It is a medical emergency requiring immediate medical attention.
85
What is often used initially in cervical spinal cord injuries?
Cervical traction.
86
Is surgery always required for spinal cord injury?
No, surgical intervention is sometimes necessary.
87
What does therapeutic management of SCI focus on?
Rehabilitation and prevention of complications.
88
How is spinal cord injury managed in children compared to adults?
Managed similarly to adults.
89
What motor deficit may occur with spinal cord injury?
Inability to move extremities.
90
What sensory deficits may be present with spinal cord injury?
Numbness and tingling.
91
What muscle strength change may occur in SCI?
Weakness.
92
What movement loss occurs below the level of spinal cord injury?
Loss of voluntary movement below the level of the lesion.
93
When can breathing be affected in spinal cord injury?
If injury is at a high cervical vertebra.
94
How does injury level relate to function loss?
The higher the injury, the greater the loss of function.
95
What vehicular safety education helps prevent spinal cord injury?
Seat belt use and proper use of age-appropriate safety seats.
96
What activity-related safety education is recommended?
Bicycle, sports, and recreation safety; prevention of falls.
97
What violence-related education helps prevent SCI?
Violence prevention including gun safety.
98
What water safety education helps prevent SCI?
Education about the risk of diving.
99
Why is education important in preventing spinal cord injury?
Education can help decrease the incidence of spinal cord injury in children.
100
How common are fractures in children and adolescents?
Occur frequently, especially in the forearm and wrist.
101
What is the most common cause of fractures?
Accidental trauma.
102
What nonaccidental cause must be considered with fractures?
Child abuse.
103
What disease processes can cause fractures?
Rickets, renal osteodystrophy, osteogenesis imperfecta.
104
How do sports contribute to fractures?
Participation in sports, especially contact sports.
105
How does lack of protective equipment increase fracture risk?
Failure to use recommended protective equipment (e.g., wrist guards while rollerblading).
106
Why is the growth plate important in pediatric fractures?
It is the most vulnerable portion of the child’s bone and frequently injured.
107
What are common types of fractures shown in children?
Transverse, linear, oblique (nondisplaced), oblique (displaced), spiral, greenstick, comminuted.
108
Why are fractures in newborns or non-walking infants concerning?
They raise high suspicion for abuse (except birth trauma).
109
What fracture types are especially concerning for abuse in children <2 years?
Spiral femur fractures, rib fractures, and humerus fractures.
110
What assessment finding may indicate child abuse?
Inconsistencies between history and clinical picture or mechanism of injury.
111
What history findings may be reported with fractures?
Recent injury, trauma, or a fall.
112
What pain-related symptom is common with fractures?
Complaint of pain.
113
What mobility changes may indicate a fracture?
Difficulty bearing weight, limp, or refusal to use an extremity.
114
How might fractures present in young children?
Sudden irritability and refusal to bear weight.
115
How should the injured area be assessed in children?
Carefully palpate while distracting the child with toys or activities.
116
What is point tenderness?
Pain felt when pressure is placed on the injury site.
117
Why is point tenderness important?
A reliable indicator of fracture in children.
118
What neurovascular components must be assessed?
Color, movement, sensation, edema, and pulse quality.
119
Why is baseline neurovascular assessment critical?
To identify changes related to compartment syndrome quickly.
120
How do many childhood fractures heal?
Heal well with splinting only.
121
What are benefits of casting?
Provides more comfort and allows increased activity during healing.
122
Why might casting be delayed after injury?
Initial swelling may subside, allowing successful casting a few days later.
123
What should be done immediately after a fracture?
Immobilize the limb above and below the injury site.
124
How is swelling reduced after fracture?
Cold therapy for the first 48 hours.
125
How should the injured extremity be positioned?
Elevated above the level of the heart.
126
What ongoing assessments are required after fracture?
Frequent neurovascular checks.
127
How should pain be managed after fracture?
Assess pain level, administer pain medications as needed, and use nonpharmacologic methods.
128
What is compartment syndrome?
A painful condition where pressure within muscles builds to dangerous levels.
129
Why is compartment syndrome a medical emergency?
Can cause permanent muscle damage if not treated quickly.
130
How does compartment syndrome affect circulation?
Decreases blood flow, preventing oxygen and nourishment from reaching nerve and muscle cells.
131
What improves once pressure is relieved in compartment syndrome?
Pain, color, and pulse with improved perfusion.
132
What are the 5 P’s of compartment syndrome?
Pain (out of proportion), pulselessness, pallor, paresthesia, paralysis.
Peds Exam 2 Chapter 44
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