1
Q
What was Freu’d legacy to psychology?
A
- into of unconscious part of mind
- neurotic symptoms both express and shield hidden impulses
- psychoanalysis
- hypnosis(cathartic method)–> concentration technique –> free association
- psychosexual development as a theory of personality
- dreams are unconscious desires
2
Q
What is psychoanalysis?
A
- therapy involving talking about experiences that may lead to resolution of certain problems/symptoms
3
Q
With the change from hypnosis to the concentration technique to free association, what were the outcomes for the patient?
A
- hypnotic (cathartic technique)
- pt becomes more and more autonomous
4
Q
What is a problem with Freud’s theories?
A
- the theories are not testable (not scientific)
- not refutable
5
Q
What did Karl Popper say about Freud’s theories of psychoanalysis?
A
- that they are irrefutable
- not scientific (because it is immune to falsification)
6
Q
What did Solms say about Freud’s theories?
A
- he did not have the technology to know how the brain was organised
7
Q
What is the Quine - Duhem thesis?
A
- the possibility of making a theory consistent with any seemingly disconfirming data.
8
Q
What were the origins of Freud’s theory of personality?
A
- hysterical symptoms as meaningful
- there is some origin to these hysterical symptoms
- the cathartic method released these trapped emotions
9
Q
What are some criticisms of Freud’s?
A
- irrefutable
- didn’t have technology to know how the brain was organized
- not scientific in its methodology
10
Q
What is some evidence towards psychoanalysis as a testable theory/scientific?
A
- according to Fisher & Greenberg (2002) and Erwin (2002), has been experimental and papers supporting Freudian psychoanalysis
11
Q
What is some neuroscientific evidence for Freud’s claims?
A
- much of our mental activity is unconsciously motivated, there is now neurological mapping of Freud’s id, ego & superego
- the left hemisphere employs mechanisms of defense
12
Q
What are some problems of an attempt to test Freud’s concepts?
A
-fractionates his theory
13
Q
What is the ego’s role and why is it important for this function?
A
- role to repress Id’s unconcious drives that might prompt behaviour that is incompatible with our civilised society
- this repression is necessary bc the drives express themselves in unconstrained passions, childish fantasies, and sexual and aggressive urges
14
Q
What is one of the best known aspects of Freud’s psychoanalytic theory?
A
- most of mental life occurs outside of conscious awareness
15
Q
What does unconscious refer to?
A
- refers to that which we are not aware
BUT EXISTENCE OF WHICH WE ARE NEVERTHELESS READY TO ADMIT ON ACCOUNT OF OTHER PROOFS OR SIGNS
16
Q
How do unconscious and conscious mental states differ from conscious mental states?
A
- by their being UNKNOWN
17
Q
In Freud’s Interpretations of Dreams (1990), he described the physical apparatus consisting of which two systems?
A
- unconscious (material that has been actively repressed and denied access from pre-conscious-conscious)
- pre-conscious-conscious
18
Q
In 1923, Freud changed his ideas how?
A
- proposed that intra-psychic life consists of id, ego and super-ego
- break between agencies (unconscious, pre-conscious-conscious) is rejected
19
Q
What is the id?
A
- linked to physiology of body
- unconscious expressiong of instincts
- most is from repression
- the ‘reservoir’ of libido and psychical energy
- conflicts with the ego and superego
- expresses itself in symbols/images (e.g. dreams)
- goes according to ‘pleasure principle’
20
Q
What is topography?
A
- the science of defining the regions of the mind
21
Q
What is the ego?
A
- mostly unconscious (also preconscious-conscious
- draws energy from the id
- lower portions merge into the id
- organized according to secondary process thought- attention, judgement, reasoning, planning, logical cognition
- driven by ‘reality principle’
22
Q
What is the super-ego?
A
- also merges into the id and can operate unconsciosuly
- emerged from the ego and comes to dominate it
- ‘vehicle of tradition’
23
Q
How does the superego differ from the id and ego?
A
- it is developed, not born instinctually
24
Q
Does Freud himself discuss the id, ego and super-ego as separate parts or dynamic relationships?
A
- he reifies them
25
Does personality = conscious domain?
- no, mental life cannot be reduced to the conscious domain
26
How does Freud say we understand unconscious behaviours?
- it is not verbal, it is PRE-VERBAL, it is only imagery
| - putting words to materials, it is no longer unconscious
27
What evidence is there for the existence of unconscious material?
- psychopathology of everyday life (e.g. slips of tongues)
- dreams
- hypnotic suggestion
- resistance/repression
- defense mechanisms
28
According to freud, why do we keep ourself in a state of not-knowing?
- because conscious awareness is too threatening to your societal expectations etc.
- this involves repression
29
What is repression?
- an unconscious force which PUSHES disturbing thoughts our of consciousness.
30
What results from failed repression>
- return of the repressed
- leak our unconscious material
e. g. slips of the tongue, dreams
31
What is resistance?
- the force that keeps pathogenic experiences out of consciousness
32
What is the difference between resistance and repression?
- resistance is the force keeping pathogenic experiences out of consciousness, whereas repression is pushing disturbing material out of consciousness
33
What is projection?
- attributes tendencies, desires, emotions, thoughts to others that she/he refused to recognise in herself/himself
- primary defense mechanism
34
What is the difference between psychoanalytic and cognitive-affective neuroscience approaches to the unconscious?
- Freud said that the unconscious was what shaped conscious mental life; whereas empirical findings suggests that findings confirm the existence of cognitive processing outside of conscious awareness
35
According to Freud, what can be understood from dreams?
- expressions from unconscious material
| - they can, in principle, be interpreted- you can discover what they mean
36
What did Freud suggest about dreams?
- that they are wish-fulfillments of the unconscious
37
What did freud say about dreams and wish-fulfillments?
- dreams are a compromise--> have censorship
| - the superego acts as a censor to allow for
38
What is the difference between latent content and manifest content?
- LATENT CONTENT: is its revealed meaning- the true nature of the repressed wish
- MANIFEST (REMEMBERED) CONTENT: what appears to the dreamer when they awaken and report; the primary processes of censorship (symbolisation, condensation & displacement)
39
What are the four processes of dream censorship?
- displacement: replace an important idea with a remote associated idea, shifting focus from one thought to a more diffuse thought
- condensation: several images fused to create a single composite
- visual representation: use of concrete/visual symbols to stand for some abstract thought
- secondary revision:moments just before we wake, our preconscious makes latent content into a form sensible to our waking intelligence (causes more distortion)
40
How can dreams be understood?
- free association
41
What are some criticisms of dream interpretation?
- random and arbitrary
- may be some evidence that dream content represents unconscious and conscious preoccupations
- dreaming does not just occur when there is intra-psychic conflict
- sleep research: not all dreams involve censorship
42
What are the some of the claims made by contemporary neuropsychology?
- dreams require interpretation
- dreams are meaningful
- dream are motivated
- dream cognitiion is disinhibited
43
What is some evidence to suggest that dreams are expressions of some instinctual drives that cannot be expressed consciously?
- close link btw brain structures responsible for dreaming and those responsible for biological emotions and motivations.
Psyc 2014
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