FRHD Flashcards

Question

What is the best way to enhance **motor development** in children?

Answer 1

Free, active play ## Footnote Gym, dance, and sports classes complement but do not replace play.

Answer 2

* Huge expansion in representational and symbolic activity * Thinking becomes more sophisticated but remains illogical and egocentric ## Footnote This stage occurs between ages 2–7.

Answer 3

* Development of mental representations * Growth of symbolic thought ## Footnote Language and imagination expand rapidly during this stage.

Answer 4

Becomes more detached from real-life conditions and more complex ## Footnote Older preschoolers imagine without real props and include complex scenarios.

Answer 5

Emerges around age 3–4, combining pretend roles into coordinated narratives ## Footnote It reflects understanding of others’ thoughts and feelings.

Answer 6

Understanding that an object can be both a symbol and an object itself ## Footnote Develops around age 3 and is strengthened by adult explanation.

Answer 7

Children view the world only from their own perspective ## Footnote Demonstrated in Piaget’s “three-mountains task.”

Answer 8

TRUE ## Footnote This belief reflects incomplete understanding of physical causality.

Answer 9

Understanding that physical properties remain the same despite changes in form ## Footnote Preschoolers often fail conservation tasks due to centration and irreversibility.

Answer 10

Difficulty understanding hierarchical classification ## Footnote They focus on specific categories rather than general classes.

Answer 11

* Emphasized active learning * Highlighted symbolic thought ## Footnote His work laid the foundation for understanding cognitive development.

Answer 12

Cognitive growth occurs through social interaction and collaboration ## Footnote Adults and peers transmit cultural tools and values.

Answer 13

Preschoolers talk aloud to themselves during problem-solving or play ## Footnote It serves as a foundation for self-guidance and regulation.

Answer 14

Range of tasks too difficult alone but achievable with support ## Footnote Learning occurs best within the ZPD.

Answer 15

Adjusting support to the child’s current performance ## Footnote It encourages independence and mastery.

Answer 16

Focuses on how children process information, including attention and memory ## Footnote It reveals improvements in attention, memory, and executive function.

Answer 17

* Use of reminders * Structured routines * Predictable environments ## Footnote Opportunities for self-regulation practice are also beneficial.

Answer 18

Memory for personal experiences ## Footnote It develops with language and adult conversations that scaffold recall.

Answer 19

Understanding that others have thoughts, beliefs, and perspectives different from one’s own ## Footnote Develops rapidly between ages 3–5.

Answer 20

Children’s active efforts to understand writing and reading before formal instruction ## Footnote Knowledge develops through exposure to books, signs, and everyday experiences.

Answer 21

Ability to reflect on and manipulate sound structures ## Footnote Strong predictor of early reading and spelling skills.

Answer 22

* Child-centered (constructivist) * Academic ## Footnote Child-centered programs promote motivation and creativity.

Answer 23

Emphasizes independence, choice, and self-paced learning ## Footnote Teachers act as guides, and materials encourage exploration.

Answer 24

* Low teacher-child ratios * Well-trained teachers * Engaging curriculum ## Footnote Warm, responsive adult-child interactions are also essential.

Answer 25

* Cognitive and social gains * Higher high-school completion rates * Reduced crime and substance abuse ## Footnote Economic return: every dollar invested yields multiple dollars in public benefit.

Answer 26

* Judgments about self-worth * Feelings tied to those judgments ## Footnote High self-esteem encourages initiative and persistence.

Answer 27

Understanding, regulating, and experiencing self-conscious emotions ## Footnote Parenting strongly shapes these abilities.

Answer 28

* Nonsocial play * Parallel play * Associative play * Cooperative play ## Footnote These stages describe children's social interactions during play.

Answer 29

Watching others ## Footnote This type of play involves observing peers without direct participation.

Answer 30

Plays near peers with similar materials ## Footnote In parallel play, children play alongside each other but do not interact.

Answer 31

Separate activities with shared toys/comments ## Footnote Children engage in different activities but interact through comments and sharing toys.

Answer 32

Working toward shared goal ## Footnote In cooperative play, children collaborate to achieve a common objective.

Answer 33

* Functional (0–2 yrs): repetitive motor movements * Constructive (3–6 yrs): building or creating * Make-believe (2–6 yrs): role-play ## Footnote These types reflect the developmental stages of children's play.

Answer 34

Socially anxious, need gentle encouragement ## Footnote These children may struggle with social interactions and require support to engage.

Answer 35

Poor regulation → peer rejection ## Footnote Impulsivity can lead to difficulties in maintaining friendships.

Answer 36

India, Kenya ## Footnote These cultures often prioritize cooperative play in larger groups.

Answer 37

Cooperative make-believe ## Footnote This type of play fosters empathy, regulation, and negotiation skills.

Answer 38

* More cooperation * Positive emotion * Acts as a secure base in new environments * Supports social competence ## Footnote Friendships at this age are primarily based on play and sharing.

Answer 39

TRUE ## Footnote Developing peer skills is crucial for later success in school and social settings.

Answer 40

* Emotional development (empathy, guilt) * Cognitive development (reasoning) * Social learning (modeling and reinforcement) ## Footnote These factors contribute to the formation of moral judgments.

Answer 41

Through identification with same-sex parent ## Footnote Guilt arises when internalized moral standards are violated.

Answer 42

Helps children notice others’ feelings and consequences of their actions ## Footnote This approach promotes empathy-based guilt and moral internalization.

Answer 43

* Warm parent–child relationship * Clear explanations * Encourage repair and problem-solving * Provide models of empathy and fairness ## Footnote These features enhance the effectiveness of inductive discipline.

Answer 44

Learned through modeling and reinforcement ## Footnote Children imitate warm, competent adults and learn moral behavior through observation.

Answer 45

Children as active thinkers about fairness and justice ## Footnote By age 4, children can distinguish between intentional and accidental acts.

Answer 46

* Physical: hitting, pushing, grabbing * Verbal: teasing, name-calling, threats * Relational: damaging peer relationships ## Footnote Aggression can manifest in various forms as children develop.

Answer 47

* Proactive (instrumental): to reach a goal * Reactive (hostile): to hurt another ## Footnote Understanding the functions helps in addressing aggressive behavior.

Answer 48

* Individual: temperament * Family: harsh discipline * Media: violent content * Social-cognitive deficits ## Footnote Various factors contribute to the development of aggressive behaviors.

Answer 49

* Encourage perspective-taking * Use inductive discipline * Teach emotion regulation * Limit violent media exposure * Provide positive peer models ## Footnote These strategies can foster a more peaceful social environment.

Answer 50

Process by which children associate toys, roles, activities, and traits with one gender ## Footnote This process begins early in childhood and influences preferences.

Answer 51

* Warm, responsive * Firm but reasonable control * Encourages discussion ## Footnote This style is linked to positive child outcomes.

Answer 52

* Low self-esteem * Anxiety * Hostility * Poor social skills ## Footnote Authoritarian parenting can have detrimental effects on children's development.

Answer 53

* Immediate compliance * Long-term harm: aggression, anxiety, resentment ## Footnote Harsh punishment can negatively impact the parent-child relationship.

Answer 54

* Increases aggression and defiance * Lowers moral internalization * Predicts depression and substance use ## Footnote Frequent or harsh use of corporal punishment has significant negative effects.

Answer 55

* Physical abuse * Sexual abuse * Neglect * Emotional abuse ## Footnote Each form has distinct consequences for child development.

Answer 56

* Height: +2–3 inches/year * Weight: +5 lbs/year ## Footnote Growth during this period is characterized by slow and steady increases.

Answer 57

* Industrialized nations: taller * Low-income nations: shorter * Climate adaptation ## Footnote Nutrition and health significantly shape differences in body size.

Answer 58

* Asthma * Severe allergies * Diabetes ## Footnote Chronic health issues can arise during this developmental stage.

Answer 59

* Overweight: BMI > 85th percentile * Obesity: BMI > 95th percentile ## Footnote These classifications help identify weight-related health risks.

Answer 60

* Physical: hypertension, insulin resistance * Psychological: low self-esteem, depression * Academic: poorer grades ## Footnote Obesity can have wide-ranging effects on a child's life.

Answer 61

* Body functioning & health * Nutrition, physical activity * Illness prevention & safety * Puberty & reproduction ## Footnote These topics lay the foundation for lifelong health habits.

Answer 62

* Teach health knowledge * Involve parents * Healthy school environment * Health screenings * Enjoyable physical activity ## Footnote These strategies promote better health outcomes for children.

Answer 63

* Speed * Coordination * Flexibility * Balance ## Footnote Children show significant gains in these areas as they grow.

Answer 64

* Healthy school environment * Nutritious food * Daily PE * Limit junk food * Health screenings * Enjoyable physical activity * Media literacy * Community initiatives ## Footnote These goals aim to promote overall health and well-being in schools.

Answer 65

Safe, open conditions for swimming ## Footnote Beach flags are a universal system to communicate water safety conditions.

Answer 66

Caution, limited swimming ## Footnote Yellow flags signal swimmers to be careful.

Answer 67

Unsafe, closed for swimming ## Footnote Red flags indicate that swimming is prohibited due to dangerous conditions.

Answer 68

Dangerous marine life ## Footnote Purple flags alert swimmers to the presence of potentially harmful creatures like jellyfish or sharks.

Answer 69

* Speed * Coordination * Flexibility * Balance ## Footnote These improvements are significant during childhood as children grow and develop physically.

Answer 70

Speed increases from 12 ft/s to 18 ft/s ## Footnote This reflects the development of physical abilities as children grow.

Answer 71

* Vertical jump: 4 in to 12 in * Broad jump: 3 ft to 5 ft ## Footnote These gains indicate improvements in explosive strength and coordination.

Answer 72

* Flexibility * Balance * Agility * Force ## Footnote These capacities are essential for developing various motor skills.

Answer 73

10-year-olds react twice as fast as 5-year-olds ## Footnote This reflects cognitive development and processing speed improvements.

Answer 74

* Better executive function * Improved memory * Higher academic achievement * Increased myelination & neural efficiency ## Footnote Physical fitness supports cognitive and brain health.

Answer 75

* Crafting * Model building * Sewing * Playing musical instruments ## Footnote These skills are developed through various hands-on activities.

Answer 76

Full-arm movement shifts to wrist/finger control ## Footnote This transition indicates the development of fine motor skills.

Answer 77

Understanding hierarchies (class → subclass) ## Footnote This cognitive attainment allows children to relate general categories to specific ones.

Answer 78

Ordering items along a dimension (length, weight) ## Footnote This skill develops around ages 7–8 and is essential for logical thinking.

Answer 79

If A > B and B > C, then A > C ## Footnote This cognitive skill develops around ages 7–8 and reflects logical reasoning.

Answer 80

* Working memory * Inhibition * Cognitive flexibility ## Footnote These skills are crucial for planning, strategy use, and social decision-making.

Answer 81

* Inattention * Impulsivity * Hyperactivity ## Footnote ADHD affects 5–8% of school-age children and must appear before age 12.

Answer 82

* Highly heritable * Reduced prefrontal cortex activity * Smaller overall brain volume * Thinner cortex ## Footnote These factors contribute to the cognitive profile of children with ADHD.

Answer 83

Fear of being judged according to a negative stereotype, leading to anxiety and lower performance ## Footnote This phenomenon can affect various groups, including girls in math and racial minorities in standardized tests.

Answer 84

* Linguistic * Logical-mathematical * Spatial * Musical * Bodily-kinesthetic * Interpersonal * Intrapersonal * Naturalistic ## Footnote Gardner's theory emphasizes that traditional IQ tests measure only a fraction of human intelligence.

Answer 85

* General intelligence (g factor) * Sternberg’s triarchic theory * Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences ## Footnote These perspectives highlight the multidimensional nature of intelligence.

Answer 86

* Verbal comprehension * Perceptual/visual-spatial reasoning * Working memory * Processing speed ## Footnote The Wechsler Scales are widely used standardized tests for children.

Answer 87

IQ can increase with improved environments and support ## Footnote Factors like schooling and family support can significantly influence IQ.

Answer 88

* Malnutrition * Poverty * Enriched schooling * Parent-child conversation quality * Shared reading ## Footnote These factors can significantly affect cognitive development and IQ.

Answer 89

IQ is best understood as a combination of biology AND experience ## Footnote This perspective emphasizes the role of both genetic and environmental factors.

Answer 90

* Economic inequality * Cultural bias in test items * Stereotype threat * Differences in school quality * Stress and discrimination * Enrichment exposure ## Footnote Genetics cannot explain group differences; environment overwhelmingly explains them.

Answer 91

Fear of being judged according to a negative stereotype → anxiety → lower performance ## Footnote Examples include girls on math tests and racial minority students on standardized exams.

Answer 92

* Reduces working memory efficiency * Lowers test performance * Reinforces achievement gaps ## Footnote This phenomenon can significantly impact academic outcomes.

Answer 93

* Language of white middle class * Assumes familiarity with certain vocabulary & experiences * Time-limits privilege students with test-taking practice ## Footnote These biases can affect the validity of assessments.

Answer 94

* Dynamic assessment (test–teach–retest) * Culturally responsive testing * Nonverbal reasoning tasks ## Footnote These methods aim to reduce cultural bias in testing.

Answer 95

Two languages 'compete' in the brain → harmful ## Footnote This view has been challenged by modern neuroscience.

Answer 96

* Better executive function * Enhanced inhibition * Greater selective attention * Stronger flexible thinking * Improved metalinguistic awareness * More creative problem-solving ## Footnote Bilingual children show more efficient frontal lobe activation.

Answer 97

* Higher reading achievement * Better communication skills * Greater cultural awareness * Enhanced perspective-taking * Stronger social relationships ## Footnote Bilingualism positively influences various aspects of development.

Answer 98

* Opportunities to speak it * Exposure quality * Motivation & value placed on the language ## Footnote The societal status of the second language also matters.

Answer 99

* Immersion Programs * Dual-Language Programs ## Footnote Immersion programs teach subjects in L2, while dual-language programs support both L1 and L2 learners.

Answer 100

* Higher academic achievement * Better social behavior * More individualized instruction * Higher engagement ## Footnote Teachers can provide more feedback and support in smaller classes.

Answer 101

* Gains in reading * Gains in math * Gains in cooperation * Gains in prosocial behavior * More positive attitudes toward school ## Footnote Older students tutoring younger ones enhances learning outcomes.

Answer 102

* Children actively build understanding * Teachers guide but do not dominate learning * Features hands-on activities, exploration, discussion, collaborative learning ## Footnote This approach leads to higher engagement.

Answer 103

* Peer collaboration * Guided learning * Dialogue * Cultural tools ## Footnote This approach is based on Vygotsky's theories.

Answer 104

* Teacher-led * Passive learning * Emphasis on memorization * Evaluated by standardized tests ## Footnote This model contrasts with more interactive teaching methods.

Answer 105

* Provide challenging tasks * Offer clear expectations * Give feedback * Teach learning strategies * Use cooperative learning * Promote growth mindset ## Footnote These practices enhance student learning and engagement.

Answer 106

* Growth mindset: Abilities develop through effort * Fixed mindset: Abilities are fixed ## Footnote Teachers can influence mindset by praising effort and normalizing mistakes.

Answer 107

* Exceptional abilities in mathematics * Exceptional abilities in reading * Exceptional abilities in creativity * Exceptional abilities in reasoning ## Footnote Educational responses include acceleration and enrichment.

Answer 108

* Dyslexia (reading) * Dyscalculia (math) * Dysgraphia (writing) ## Footnote These disabilities occur despite normal intelligence.

Answer 109

* Early support * Structured literacy (phonics) * Strategy instruction * Accommodations * Emotional support ## Footnote These interventions help address specific learning challenges.

Answer 110

* Multiple models of intelligence * IQ testing meaning, strengths, limitations, cultural bias * Environment & intelligence * Stereotype threat * Bilingualism advantages * Classroom practices * Achievement influences mindset, class size, teacher expectations * Giftedness & learning disabilities ## Footnote These themes encompass a broad understanding of educational psychology.

FRHD Flashcards

(134 cards)