What is a cold environment?
Areas of land permanently covered by ice. There are glaciers, ice sheets and have frozen soil. Always below zero degrees.
Where are cold environments found around the world?
Cold environments are found in snowy mountain ranges and high latitude places like the Arctic and Antarctic. Very far away from sea. Siberia, Greenland, Russia, Canada.
How does latitude or altitude affect temperature?
The particles are more spread out and there is less land to heat the air. Per 100m, it drops 1°c. Latitude is further away from the equator. Because of its shape, the sun shines most on the equator.
How do glacial budgets impact rates of erosion and the movement of ice?
In the winter snow accumalates and then melts forming meltwater. Glaciers advance in the winter. Opposite in the summer.
Plucking, freeze-thaw and abrasion
Plucking: rock gets stuck to glacier and gets pulled out when glaciers move.
Abrasion: when rock in the glacier erode the rock on the mountain, leaving striations
Freeze-thaw: freezing and melting until the rock can’t take it anymore.
How does erosion and weathering create a corrie?
Erosion forms a corrie as it begins to curve out the base of a hill or mountain and this continues until a corrie is formed. The water melts and a small, but very deep lake is formed called a tarn.
Explain how u-shaped valleys are formed and how they are different to v-shaped valleys?
U-shaped valleys are formed by erosion of the base of the rock but also the whole valley, causing it to get wider and have steeper walls. After the glacier retreats, it leaves behind a flat-bottomed, steep-walled U-shaped valley. A v-shaped valley is different because a u-shaped valley is formed from a glacier, whereas a v-shaped valley is formed by a misfit river.
How is ice melting? How would ice melting affect the earth and the people?
Ice is melting faster than ever as global warming is continuing. If all the ice melted it would mean that lots of places would flood, lose their homes and possibly even die and it would be terrible for the environment as they wouod lose their habitats and they wouldn’t know where to live.
What is the evidence that global climate is changing?(human effect)
Ice sheets and glaciers are melting. Humans enhance climate change due to more greenhouse gases being put into the air. As we burn fossil fuels, harmful gases like methane or carbon are put into the air and as mpre get put into the atmosphere, the more polluted it becomes. This means it traps in more heat from the sun, causing the world to warm up.
Why is climate changing?(carbon cycle)
Carbon dioxide increases temperatures, extending the growing season and increasing humidity. As these harmful gases get trapped in the atmosphere, the sunlight gets trapped, warming the earth.
Who is to blame for climate change?
Every country is to blame but especcially a few such as China-35%, US and UK with high numbers. Per person in the US they emmit almost double what a chinese person emmits and in India each person emits significantly below the global average. Also, the US have their factories in China so people blame China but could blame the US.
What are the consequences of climate change in the UK?
More tropical fruits and floods
What are the consequences for the Maldives?
The Maldives could go under water by 2100 if the water doesn’t stop rising. It is only one and a half meters above sea level.
How can homes be more sustainable?(BedZed)
Solar panels, sun rooms, thicker walls, more greenery, close to bus or train station, bike shed, communal eating places and more
What are the costs and positives of renewable energy?
Renewable energy is currently quite expensive however once made requires little to no maintenance. They are better for the environment, and don’t emmit fumes and will never run out. Reliable, create lots of jobs.
Examples of renewable energy sources.
Solar panels, wind turbines, tidal energy, hydroelectric power or solar power with mirrors directed at a water tank heating it up and geothermal energy.
Swansea bay tidal lagoon case study.
It was a plan where the current of water could be converted into kinetic energy to power 155,000 homes a year. It got rejected though.
Parts of the drainage basin: source, mouth, confluence, tributary, watershed, drainage basin
Source:where the water comes from
Mouth:where it joins the sea
Confluence:smaller rivers joining the big river
Tributary:big river joining big river
Watershed:where rainwater falls to join the river
Drainage basin:A drainage basin is an area of land in which all flowing surface water converges to a single point, such as a river mouth, or flows into another body of water.
What are the key river processes?(erosion, transportation and deposition)
Hydraulic action and abrasion
Transportation is when the water flow is quick so that it can carry rocks like solution, suspension, saltation, traction.
Deposition is when the water flow is not powerful enough to carry all the traction and saltation and it deposits a load of rocks onto the river bed.
How does a river change from the upper to lower course?
It the upper course it is quite narrow and has a slower flow of water carrying solution and suspension and lower course is faster, wider and carries more heavy rocks.
