ASC273 > FSE Revision > Flashcards

FSE Revision Flashcards

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1
Q

Macrominerals

List the macrominerals

A
  • Ca
  • P
  • K
  • Na
  • Mg
  • Cl
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2
Q

Macrominerals

What are macrominerals?

-describe

A

Required in large amounts
• Accumulation can be toxic

• Storage variable
- Some good e.g. Ca
– Bone  Some poor e.g. Mg
– intracellular fluid of cells

• Multiple functions
-Enzymatic

  • Fertility – e.g. P
  • Development – e.g. Ca
  • Transport – e.g. Na, K & Cl  More
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3
Q

Macrominerals

How do deficiencies occur?

A

Insufficient mineral in diet

  • Low absorption - Bioactivity
  • Mineral interaction
  • Form unabsorbable compounds - Compete for transport systems (facilitated transport)

• Feed composition tables don’t give availability

  • P often as phytic acid requiring phytases to access  Mg oxalate less absorbable than Mg sulfate
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4
Q

Macrominerals

What is Ca needed for?

A

Essential for bone & teeth development

  • Enzyme systems
  • Nerve & muscle function
  • Blood clotting

• Heavily regulated in the blood (homeostasis - ~80 to 120 mg/L)
- Hormonal regulation

  • Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
  • Vitamin D (feed small, sunlight high)
  • Regulate Ca intake and reabsorption from bones

• P binds Ca

  • Reduce Ca absorption
  • Ca to P ratio between 1:1 and 2:1
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5
Q

Vitamin D

  • what is it needed for?
  • where is it found?
A

Found in cut forages - hay

 Exposure to UV light

 Two forms – D2 and D3

 Stimulated production by PTH to increase mobilisation of Ca from bones & absorption from intestines

 Deficient animals usually housed indoors and little forage fed

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6
Q

Describe diseases that result due to Ca deficiency

A

Young, growing animals – Rickets & Developmental Orthopaedic Disease

 Older animals - Osteoporosis

 Early lactating animals – e.g. Dairy cow (Hypocalcaemia - milk fever)

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7
Q

Macrominerals

What is Mg needed for?

A

Required for enzyme function, nerve & muscle function, protein synthesis, blood glucose control, energy production, etc.

  • Poorly stored
  • Very small quantities within the interstitial fluid of the cells
  • Low blood concentration
  •  Heavily regulated
  • 0.2 to 0.4% Mg needed in diet
  • Mg poorly absorbed
  • High dietary K can reduce plasma concentration of Mg
  •  Decrease absorption from SI

• Hypomagnesaemia reduces blood Ca concentrations
-  Can cause milk fever

  •  Less able to mobilise Ca from bones
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8
Q

Macrominerals

What is Hypomagnesaemia?

What are the clinical signs?

A

 Grass tetany

 Common in ruminants, not horses

 Late winter-early spring (low Mg in feed)

• Clinical signs

 Nervousness

 Muscle tremor

 Excessive sweating

 Rapid breathing

 Convulsions

 Loss of appetite

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9
Q

Macrominerals

Mg availability affected by?

A

 Low content in feed

 Lower availability in fresh feed to conserved feeds

 High K

 High rumen ammonia

 Genetics

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10
Q

Macrominerals

Feed sources of Mg?

A

 Legumes

 Wheat bran

 Mg blocks

 Oral doses & MgCl2 in drinking water

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11
Q

Macrominerals

What is P needed for?

A

Bone development

  • Nucleic acids, phospholipids, phosphoproteins
  • Energy metabolism (ATP)
  • Buffers
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12
Q

Macrominerals

Sources of P?

A

Milk

 Cereal grains

 Hay & straw low

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13
Q

Macrominerals

Signs of P deficiency?

A

Bone disorders like low Ca

 Lameness

 Low fertility

 Poor growth

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14
Q

Trace minerals

List the trace minerals

A

Cu

  • I
  • Se
  • Fe
  • Zn
  • Co
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15
Q

Worst issue relating to trace minerals?

A

toxic accumulation

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16
Q

Trace minerals

Roles of Cu (copper)?

What are the copper antagonsist?

A

Many roles

 Enzymes

 Blood formation

 Etc.

  • Absorption low in ruminants, reasonable in horses
  • Antagonists  Mo  S  Fe  Zn
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17
Q

Trace Minerals

Cu deficiency disorders?

A

Anaemia

 Bone disorders

 Cardiovascular disorders

 Depigmentations

 Infertility

 Growth retardation

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18
Q

Trace Minerals

What is I (iodine) needed for?

A

Thyroid hormones

  • Metabolism
  • Foetal development
  • Immune system
  • Digestion
  • Muscle function
  • Require ~0.5ppm in feed
  • Required daily to avoid goitre
  • Goitrogenic plants increase deficiency
  • Easily treated
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19
Q

TRace minerals

What is selenium needed for?

A

Protects body tissue from oxidation

  • Helps prevent oxidative degeneration of fats
  • Converts T4 to active T3 (thyroid hormones)
  • Maintains immune function
  • Absorption variable but low in ruminants
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20
Q

TRace minerals

signs of selenium deficiency?

A

 Ill thrift

 Low lamb survival and weights

 Low wool production

 White muscle disease

 High embryo mortality

 Retained placenta

 Reduced semen viability

 Reduced immune response

 Yellow fat disease

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21
Q

How does Vitamin E assist Selenium?

A

Prevents PUFA peroxidation

 Enhances immune system

 Helps Se stay in active form

 Prevents Se loss

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22
Q

TRace minerals

sources of selenium?

A

Most forages adequate unless in Se deficient soils

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23
Q

trace minerals

Treatment of Se deficiency?

A

Se injections & drenches

 Se lick blocks

 Se bullets

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24
Q

Vitamins

list the fat soluble vitamins

A

A D E K

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25
**_Vitamins_** List the water soluble vitamins
B complexes C
26
How are vitamins destroyed\>?
By oxidation
27
What is Vit A needed for? What is it created from?
None in plants  Created from B-carotene (part of photosynthesis)  Vision
28
Sources of vitamin a?
Green forage & yellow grain high  Cereal grain low  B-carotene causes yellowing of fat & distinct taste  Excess toxic
29
What is vit D needed for? Who is at risk of deficiency?
 Used with Ca for calcium homeostasis  UV light & dried forage  Deficient in indoor housed animals
30
What is Vit K needed for? Signs of deficiency? Sources?
 Required for blood clotting  Poorly stored  Deficiency can lead to haemorrhaging  Sources  Microbes  Green leafy forage
31
What is Vit E needed for? Sources?
Stored in liver  An antioxidant for fat metabolism  Immune function  Wound repair  High doses toxic (accumulate in fat)  Sources  Wheat germ  Oil seeds & by-products
32
What are Vit B complexes needed for?
 Many different roles  Not stored in large amounts  Produced by microbes  Aid in carbohydrate metabolism
33
Signs of Vit B deficiency?
Inappetite  Anorexia  Muscle weakness  Poor growth  Dermatitis
34
Sources of Vit B?
Green leaf, cereal grain & yeast  Microbial synthesis
35
What is Vit C needed for? Deficiency causes.... what disease?
Antioxidant  Electron transport  Collagen & noradrenalin synthesis * Synthesise in liver from glucose * Deficiency - Scurvy
36
Draw the energy partitioning flow chart
37
What is heat increment?
Food ingested produces heat • The increase in heat produced as a result of the energy in the feed is the heat increment
38
What causes heat increment?
Eating  Microbial metabolism (7 to 8% of ME intake)  Nutrient metabolism  Facilitated transport across luminal wall
39
**_ME Utilisation_** what happens in -ve energy retention?
Animal loses body reserves
40
**_ME Utilisation_** what occurs when energy retention is zero\>?
 ME intake sufficient to meet maintenance  No change in animal and no production
41
**_ME Utilisation_** what occurs with +ve energy retention?
ME intake meeting maintenance and production
42
**_ME Utilisation_** What is a k value?
Efficiency of animal to utilise its energy reserves to perform desired function
43
**_ME Utilisation_** Efficiency for maintenance usually around...?
0.7 (70%)
44
**_ME Utilisation_** Efficiency for growth in ruminants usually about...?
0.5 to 0.6
45
**_Metabolism_** Where is protein stored?
– stored in large quantities (muscle) and used as a vital energy source when needed
46
**_Metabolism_** What type of energy store is fat?
– large energy store that can be mobilised when needed
47
**_Metabolism_** how is energy stored?
needed in a hurry so stored as carbs (glycogen)
48
**_Metabolism_** Name the two energy molecules
 Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)  Creatine phosphate (phosphocreatine)
49
**_Fates of glucose_** List the 4 different fates of glucose
1. Aerobic metabolism 2. Anaerobic metabolism (fast-twitch muscle energy) 3. Glycogen synthesis 4. Fat synthesis
50
**_Fates of glucose_** what happens to glucose in aerobic metabolism?
Aerobic metabolism (normal metabolism – slow-twitch)  Oxygen available  Glycolysis  Conversion of pyruvate to Acetyl Co-A  Enter TCA cycle  38 ATP produced
51
**_Fates of glucose_** What happens to glucose in anaerobic metabolism?
2. Anaerobic metabolism (fast-twitch muscle energy)  Oxygen limited  Conversion of pyruvate to Lactic acid  2 ATP produced  Lactic acid returns to liver to be converted into pyruvate
52
**_Fates of glucose_** what happens to glucose during glycogen synthesis?
3. Glycogen synthesis  Short-term energy store  Excess glucose stored in the muscle for use later  Glucose homeostasis
53
**_Fates of glucose_** what happens to glucose during fat synthesis?
4. Fat synthesis  Long-term energy store  Excess glucose stored as fat (triglycerides)  Through the Pentose Phosphate pathway
54
**_Lipid metabolism_** list the 3 diff. fates of FA?
Partial breakdown (Catabolism) Complete breakdown (Catabolism) Storage as fat (Anabolism) **• Lipid metabolism much more efficient that protein metabolism**
55
**_Lipid metablism_** describe partial breakdown of lipids
Partial breakdown (Catabolism)  Converted to NEFAs – transported to liver  Some used for glucose synthesis  Balance converted back to fat  High plasma concentration of FFA toxic - Ketosis
56
**_Lipid metabolism_** describe complete breakdown of lipids
Complete breakdown (Catabolism)  Converted to Acetyl Co A  Enter TCA cycle to produce energy metabolism
57
**_Lipid metabolism_** describe storage of lipids as fats
3. Storage as fat (Anabolism)  Combined with a glycerol backbone to be stored as triglycerides
58
**_Protein metabolism_** 3 fates of protein?
1. Synthesise new proteins 2. Deamination and further metabolism to provide energy  Amino group removed to form keto acid  Keto acid converted to glucose  Process is very inefficient 3. Excretion
59
What is unqiue about ruminants in relation to glucose metabolism?
* Very little absorption of glucose from the rumen * All glucose for ruminants originates from gluconeogenesis  Propionate (VFA) transported to liver  Converted into succinate (TCA cycle)  Can be converted back to glucose via gluconeogenesis * Fatty acids synthesised from acetate and butyrate  B-hydroxybutyrate * Milk fat synthesised from acetate and ketone bodies  Not glucose
60
What % of body weight if VFI? What is VFI controlled by?
Intake usually ~ 2 to 3% of bodyweight • Controlled by CNS & short and long term regulatory mechanisms
61
Describe regulation of VFI and factors affecting VFI
• Short term regulation  Hunger v satiety  Glucose & insulin levels in plasma  Cholecystokinin released when digestive products reach duodenum  Enlargement of stomach • Long term regulation  Adipose tissue (leptin) • Other factors  Palatability  Physiology  Nutrient deficiencies  Choice feeding (nutritional wisdom)  Neophobia
62
List the constraints to ruminant VFI
1. Capacity to use energy 2. Feed physical properties 3. Environmental factors 4. Behavioural
63
Describe the capacity to use energy as a constraint on ruminant VFI?
1. Capacity to use energy  Energy demand  Physiological state  Parturition & lactation  Number of offspring  Genetics
64
Describe feed physical properties as a constraint to ruminant VFI
2. Feed physical properties  Rumen constraints  Less than 8% of fibre in the rumen is digested each hour  Intake negatively related to rumen digesta retention rate  Large particle size increases retention rate  More chewing and rumination required  Higher digestibility means lower retention time = higher VFI  Fibrous v WSC  Nutrient deficiency in the rumen  Low N & S = low microbial efficiency  Mineral deficiencies can reduce VFI  DM% of feed  Palatability
65
Describe environmental factors as a constraint to ruminant VFI
3. Environmental factors • Temperature  Cold increases VFI to increase metabolic heat production  Heat decreases VFI to reduce metabolic heat production  Thermal neutral zone  Photoperiod – Daylength  Distance to water  Chose between eating and walking to get a drink
66
Describe behaviour as a constraint to ruminant VFI
4. Behavioural  Neophobia  Fear of anything new  Feed aversion  Bad experience
67
**_Energy Systems_** To formulate a diet the most important thing we need to know is? Why is this?
* **energy content in feed and energy requirement of animal** * Animal usual show a continuous response to increase in energy * First maintenance then production
68
**_Energy Systems_** Describe Australian Standing Committee on Agriculture (SCA) energy system
*  Based on British system *  Includes modifications for grazing (MEGraze) and temperature (Ecold) *  Includes efficiency for wool growth (kwool) *  10% of ME for production added to maintenance
69
**_Energy Systems_** Energy requirements are maintenance plus...? (possible production outcomes)
* Growth *  Lactation *  Pregnancy *  Work *  Pelage growth
70
**_Energy Systems_** What is basal/fasting metabolism?
is the energy expended (heat) for a fasting animal with no activity
71
**_Energy Systems_** What is metabolic weight? How do we determine it?
is the relationship between fasting metabolism and body weight = weight to the power of 0.75
72
**_Energy Systems_** Energy requirements are effected by?
* **Age** (for growth and maintenance) - young animals lay down more muscle than fat - less energy/kg liveweight gain - Older animal have greater energy storage / kg BW (FAT!!!) * **Environment** * **Production state** (eg lactation)
73
**_Protein Systems_** Not all faecal protein dietary in origin. What are other sources?
*  saliva N *  bile N *  gastric secretion N *  pancreatic secretion N *  sloughed gut mucous membrane cells *  bacterial N
74
**_Protein Systems_** Which diets have a high biological value?
diets w/ a high variety of amino acids
75
**_Protein Systems_** Lack of agreement between in vitro and in vivo analysis of protein quality due to?
* Small changes in 1 or more AA concentrations alter requirements for other AA *  Antagonism between AA *  Presence of anti-nutritive factors which lower absorption or utilisation of AA *  Animals respond better if N supplied as both essential & non-essential AA combined
76
**_Protein Systems_** Protein quality for horses?
* Dietary CP commonly used but inappropriate * Horse mostly digest protein in SI * MCP produced in large intestine not absorbed = excreted * A better method of calculation is the available protein -  CP less NPN (as protein) - Acid Detergent Insoluble N (as protein) -  ADIN = bound protein unavailable for digestion & absoption
77
**_Protein Systems_** How is most protein provided to ruminants?
Microbes!!!!
78
**_Protein Systems_** To formulate a diet for ruminants, need to know...?
* Protein degradability *  MCP yield *  Digestion in SI of protein *  Efficiency of absorbed AA
79
**_Protein Systems_** In ruminants, what effects protein degradability?
• Digesta rate of passage affects degradability  Smaller particles travel faster than larger ones  Flow rate increases when  Pregnant  Lactation increases  VFI reduces  Temperature
80
**_Protein Systems_** Ruminant microbial yield affected by?
* Level of fibre *  Rumen pH *  N availability
81
**_Protein Systems_** Ruminants need sufficient ME for microbial synthesis, otherwise ..... results?
 Insufficient ME results in AA degraded to ammonia and lost as urine
82
**_Protein Systems_** How much MCP leaves rumen and how much of that is digested? What is the digestibility of UDP?
* About 80% of MCP leaves rumen - and about 70% is digested * Undegraded protein (UDP; by-pass protein) digestibility varies but ~70%
83
**_Protein Systems_** Look at lecture 27 Prac Beef Feedlot Nutrition (if you have time)
:)
84
**_Dairy Cow Feeding Example_** Housed **5 yr old 600kg** cow producing **30kg milk/d (36g/kg butter fat)** not pregnant and offered a diet of **11MJ/kg DM (M/D)** -determine energy requirements
* Need to consider: * Km * KL * EVL * MEL (MEP in this case) * MEm * Total Requirement * DMI
85
**_Dairy Cow Feeding Example_** 600kg cow, 30L milk/day (32g/L protein) eating 21kg (231 MJ ME) -Determine protein requirement
* Consider: * Net protein - endogenous protein losses (EPL) - EUP - EFP - Dermal - Milk * Metabolisable protein requirement * RDP * Metabolisable MCP supplied * Metabolisable UDP requirement * Dietary UDP * CP * CP in diet
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