Describe and diagnose
papilloedema
- venous engorgement: usually the first sign
- blurring of the optic disc margin
- elevation of optic disc
- loss of the optic cup
- Paton’s lines: concentric/radial retinal lines cascading from the optic disc
describe and diagnose
Severe papilloedema
- venous engorgement: usually the first sign
- blurring of the optic disc margin
- elevation of optic disc
- loss of the optic cup
- Paton’s lines: concentric/radial retinal lines cascading from the optic disc
describe and diagnose
Dry macular degeneration
- drusen - yellow round spots in Bruch’s membrane
Management for MD:
high dose of beta-carotene, vitamins C and E, and zinc may help to slow down visual loss for patients with established macular degeneration
describe and diagnose
Wet macular degeneration
- exudative
- neovascular
- choroidal neovascularisation
- Leakage of serous fluid and blood can subsequently result in a rapid loss of vision.
Carries worst prognosis
Diagnose and likely symptoms
retinal detachment
- Dense shadow that starts peripherally progresses towards the central vision
- A veil or curtain over the field of vision
- Straight lines appear curved
- Central visual loss
describe diagnose and CAUSES
Central retinal vein occlusion
- severe retinal haemorrhages
causes: glaucoma, polycythaemia, hypertension
describe diagnose and CAUSES
Central artery occlusion
- Cherry red spot on pale retina
- Afferent pupillary defect
- due to thromboembolism (from atherosclerosis) or arteritis (e.g. temporal arteritis)
describe diagnose
laser eye treatment of diabetic retinopathy
pt with ank spond, diagnosis
anterior uveitis
diagnose describe
dry macular degeneration. Drusen can be seen around the macula.
diagnose describe
treated laser diabetic retinopathy
diagnose describe
Retinitis pigmentosa
- night blindness is often the initial sign
- funnel vision (the preferred term for tunnel vision)
- fundoscopy: black bone spicule-shaped pigmentation in the peripheral retina, mottling of the retinal pigment epithelium
diagnose describe
retinal vein occlusion
