Functional Groups

Question 1

Alkane

Answer 1

C–C single bonds only. Suffix: –ane.
e.g. CH₄ (methane).

Question 2

Alkene

Answer 2

Contains C=C double bond. Suffix: –ene.
e.g. CH₂=CH₂ (ethene).

Question 3

Alkyne

Answer 3

Contains C≡C triple bond. Suffix: –yne.
e.g. CH≡CH (ethyne).

Question 4

Haloalkane/halogeno

Answer 4

Contains C–X (X = F, Cl, Br, I).
e.g. CH₃Cl (chloromethane).

Question 5

Hydroxyl (Alcohol)

Answer 5

Contains –OH group. Suffix: –ol.
e.g. CH₃CH₂OH (ethanol).

Question 6

Alkoxy (Ether)

Answer 6

Contains C–O–C linkage. Name: alkoxy- (e.g. methoxyethane).
Shorter chain always the oxy

Question 7

Carbonyl (Aldehyde)

Answer 7

–CHO (C=O at end of chain). Suffix: –al.
e.g. CH₃CHO (ethanal).

Question 8

Carbonyl (Ketone)

Answer 8

C=O within chain (not terminal). Suffix: –one.
e.g. CH₃COCH₃ (propanone).

Question 9

Carboxyl (Carboxylic acid)

Answer 9

–COOH (C=O and –OH on same C). Suffix: –oic acid.
e.g. CH₃COOH (ethanoic acid).

Question 10

Ester

Answer 10

–COO– (derived from acid + alcohol). Suffix: –oate.
e.g. CH₃COOCH₃ (methyl ethanoate).
Side with carbon double bond to oxygen is the oate.

Question 11

Amide/Amido

Answer 11

–CONH₂ (carbonyl + amine). Suffix: –amide.
e.g. CH₃CONH₂ (ethanamide).

Question 12

Amino (Amine)

Answer 12

–NH₂ (basic group). Prefix: amino– or suffix: –amine.
e.g. CH₃CH₂NH₂ (ethylamine).

Question 13

Phenyl (Benzene ring)

Answer 13

C₆H₅– group. Aromatic ring (π delocalisation).
e.g. C₆H₅CH₃ (methylbenzene).