1
Q
What are fungi?
A
these are a distinct group from plants, animals, and bacteria
2
Q
what is mycology?
A
the study of fungi
3
Q
what are fungi made of?
A
rigid cell walls made of chitin and glucan
4
Q
fungi are ___ which means they are unable to produce their own food and must absorb it from the environment.
A
heterotrophic
5
Q
how do fungi produce their own food?
A
they use enzymes to digest molecules and the resulting product is taken up by the fungus
6
Q
how do fungi reproduce?
A
asexual or spore dispersal
7
Q
how do single cells of fungi divide?
A
budding or fission
8
Q
what are the two kind of hyphae/filament?
A
septate or coenocytic
9
Q
are fungal cells closer to plant cells or animal cells?
A
animal
10
Q
what structures are the same in plant and fungal cells?
A
cell wall, cell membrane, ribosomes, and cytoplasm
11
Q
what structures are not present in fungal cells that are in animal cells?
A
smooth ER and centrioles
12
Q
what method of sexual reproduction do fungal cells do?
A
sporylation
13
Q
T/F: fungi are the only thing that uses chitin and glucan to make cell walls
A
true
14
Q
what is the name of fungi asexual reproduction?
A
conidia
15
Q
how are spores dispersed?
A
through air
16
Q
what is the potential for bioweapons that fungi create?
A
the spores
17
Q
what do fungi rely on from other animals?
A
carbon
18
Q
unlike animals fungi don’t have what?
A
stomachs
19
Q
how do fungi have a major impact on the ecosystem?
A
mycorrhizal association >90% of all vascular plants, and the recycling of plant material, leaves, and stems
20
Q
how are fungi beneficial to humans?
A
- yeasts for making bread, brewing, and wine
- aspergillus for making soy sauce and miso
- industrial production of enzymes
- pharmaceutical production
- edible fungi
21
Q
what are the two cell types of fungus?
A
filament/hyphae, or single celled
22
Q
how many fungi are pathogenic to humans?
A
only a few hundred
23
Q
which two fungi were on the US select agent list?
A
Coccidioides immitis and Coccidioides posadasii
24
Q
T/F: a majority of plant disease are caused by fungi.
A
true
25
how might fungi be targetted in biocrimes?
loss of billions of dollars worth of food in plants
26
what group of people are severly effected by fungal diseases?
immunocompromised due to AIDS, recipients of solid organ or hematopoietic stem cell transplants, hematologic malignancies, and individuals on immunosuppressive regimens
27
what is another rising threat of fungal diseases?
they are becoming more and more resistant to antifungal drugs
28
which two fungi are very resistant to drugs?
Candida auris and Aspergillus fumigatus
29
which fungal toxin was used by Iraq in warheads in the 1980s and 1990s? what kind of fungus makes this?
aflatoxin by aspergillus sp.
30
Trichothecenes is produced by what? and used where?
produced by several fungi and used in warfare in Laos and Afghanistan
31
How are fungi named?
morphological characteristics of spores, fruiting bodies, and life cycles
32
what is the universal DNA barcode marker for fungi called?
Nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region
33
what is the gold standard for fungal species identification?
comparative sequence-based analysis
34
what two substances are synthesized by hallucinogenic fungus?
psilocin and psilocybin
35
what does psilocybin do?
exerts its psychidelic actions in humans by activating 5-HT2A seratonin receptors
36
T/F: posession of hallucinogenic fungi is legal in north america.
false
37
how might morphological characteristics be obscured in hallucinogenic fungi?
dried, or powdered
38
what regions produce variability in hallucinogenic fungi?
nLSU and rRNA sequences
39
what regions were amplified by Barry in his paper? and how?
rDNA (ITS-1) and a 5' portion of the large ribosomal subunit of rRNA (nLSU rRNA or 28s) through sanger sequencing
40
T/F: there are both hallucinogenic and non-hallucinogenic isolates in the same species as psylocib
true
41
is there a linkage between speciation and retention of the ability to produce psychoactive compounds?
yes
42
what approach was used by Saville and Nugent?
a combined approach using specificity of PCR detection and the resolving power of phylogenetic analysis to unambiguously identify hallucinogenic fungal specimen for legal purposes
43
what are the complications of fungal identifications?
- switch to "one fungus one name rule" where primary focus is on sexual cycle
- huge level of renaming
- public databases have not kept up keeping many old names and new names
44
what happened before the one fungus one name rule?
there were multiple fungi named asexual names but seen to have fruiting bodies and then given a new name and both exist for the same fungi
45
what is a common fungi associated with nematodes?
the nematode capturing fungi that loops around the nematode and constrict the body
46
what is fungus that creates zombies
cordyceps
47
what does the cordyceps do to insects?
forms sexual fruiting bodies (stroma) which erupt from the insect's head
48
what is a pathogen?
acquires nutrients from its host at the expense of the host
49
what are the three trophic feeding relationships that fungi apply?
biotrophic
hemi-biotrophic
necrotrophic
50
what does biotrophic mean
fungus gets nutrients from the host but keeps it alive
51
what does hemi-biotrophic mean
depends on living host for infection process but develops off dead cells
52
what is necrotrophic
obtains nutrients exclusively from dead plant cells killed in advance
53
what does thigmotropic mean?
recognizes the surface topography of the host plant or animal cell
54
what does the penetration peg do?
pushes hyphae through the cell through the cells of a plant
55
what phyla of fungi is VERY DIVERSE with motile zoosphores
chytridiomycota
56
what are characteristics of chytridiomycota
- present in most habitats where water is present
57
what are two very common examples of chytridiomycota?
potato wart (synchytrium endobioticum) and amphibian decline batrachochytrium dendrobatidis
58
T/F: chytrids are the most common for human diseases.
false, causes pathogens in other fungi, algae, plant, amphibians, and some other small animals
59
what is the percent decline in European salamander is caused by global amphibian decline?
96%
60
what is the name of the chytrid fungi affecting salamanders?
batrachochytrium salamandrivorans (Bsal)
61
what is the common name of zygomycota?
bread molds
62
T/F: zygomycota are weak pathogens
true
63
what diseases can be caused by zygomycota?
infections in immunocompromised individuals but also could cause subcutaneous mycoses in tropical regions that could affect immunocompetent individuals
64
how do zygomycota species form?
endomycorrhizal associations
65
how do zygomycota grow?
filamentous growth via mycelia without cell walls
66
how do zygomycota reproduce?
non-motile asexual and sexual spores
67
what is an important pathogen of animals, humans, insects, and plants?
ascomycota
68
what is the specific life cycle of sac fungi?
a saprophytic stage
69
how do sac fungi grow?
single celled, filaments, non-motile spores, and sexual spores
70
what are some examples of sac fungi?
candidiasis (thrush), coccidioides immitis, ergot of rye, and rice blast
71
what fungus causes white nose syndrome in bats?
Pseudogymnoascus destructans (Pd)
72
what is histoplasma capsulatum?
a ascomycete pathogen that is caused by dimorphic fungus
73
what is candida auris?
a new fungus that has overcome the human thermal barrier and readily spreads between patients
74
what is the problem of candida auris?
it has a resistance to some antimycotics
75
what are the ascomycete epidemics?
- rice pathogen causing brown spots leading to famine (cochliobolus miyabeanus)
- rice blast leading to huge crop loss (magnaporthe grisea)
- southern leaf blight destroying corn (cochliobolus heterostrophus)
- wheat blast which is a new threat (magnaporthe oryzae)
76
describe basidiomycota fungi.
- pathogens of animals, humans, insects and plants
- ectomycorrhizal associations with woody plants
- single celled growth, filamentous growth, saprophytic and biotrophic growth
- non-motile asexual spores and sexual basidiospores
- the sexual spores are produced on club-shaped basidia
77
what are basidiomycete plant pathogens?
- puccinia triticina causing wheat leaf rust (most devestating pathogen currently)
- puccinia striiformis causing stripe rust and is becoming a problem
78
what is the pathogen of "biblical proportions"?
wheat stem rust
79
what is the resistance to wheat stem rust?
breeders have achieved resistance by stacking genes into wheat varieties
80
how does wheat rust produce?
asexually and releases spores that are genetically identical
81
how does wheat stem rust invade plants?
by secreting effector proteins which also suppress the immune system of the host
82
the interaction of wheat stem rust follows what hypothesis?
the gene-for-gene hypothesis which triggers a defense response
83
why is gene stacking beneficial?
multigene stacking which makes it less suceptible to pathogens
84
what is used to detect and identify through genotyping?
- microsatillites (STRs)
- SNPs (and canSNPs)
- whole genome sequence typing (WGST)
85
what have SNP-based phylogenies of clonal microbes been shown in terms of population subgroups and genetic relations?
very highly accurate
86
what is the new gold standard?
whole genome sequencing
87
why are synonymous or neutral SNPs more informative?
due to their slow mutation rates, limited character states, and distribution across the genome
88
whole genome SNPs allow for what?
variable levels of resolution, providing discrimination at the species, subspecies and strain level to monitor for distribution and emergence
89
what is required for SNPs?
reference genomes
90
what is forensic palynology?
study of pollen and other palynomorphs for evidence at a crime scene
91
what are the limitations of pollen?
- time-consuming identification of pollen grains
- a priori knowledge of plant species distributions
- sufficient diversity of pollen types to permit spatial or temporal identification
92
can fungi be used to determine the geographic origin of dust?
ish with a prediction error of 229.3 km
93
microbial
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