What are the 4 steps of the stance phase of the gait cycle?
1 - Heel strike.
2 - Flat foot.
3 - Heel off.
4 - Toe off.
What are the three steps of the swing phase of the gait cycle?
*This starts after toe off and ends at heel strike.
1 - Early swing.
2 - Mid swing.
3 - Terminal swing.
Which structures provide stability to the hip?
Tenor fasciae latae (including the iliotibial band).
During the stance phase, which structures enable hip flexion?
1 - Iliacus.
2 - Psoas major.
3 - Sartorius.
4 - Rectus femoris.
During the stance phase, which structures enable hip extension?
For which movement of the swing phase are these muscles also necessary?
1 - Semitendinosus.
2 - Biceps femoris.
3 - Gluteus maximus.
4 - Adductor magnus.
- Also necessary for hip flexion in the swing phase.
During the stance phase, which structures of the knee enable flexion?
For which movement of the swing phase are these muscles also necessary?
1 - Rectus femoris.
2 - Vastus lateralis.
3 - Vastus medialis (eccentric contraction).
- Also necessary for knee extension in the swing phase.
During the stance phase, which structures of the ankle enable dorsiflexion?
For which movement of the swing phase are these muscles also necessary?
1 - Gastrocnemius.
2 - Soleus.
- Also necessary for plantarflexion in the swing phase.
During the stance phase, which structures of the ankle enable plantarflexion?
For which movement of the swing phase are these muscles also necessary?
1 - Tibialis anterior.
2 - Extensor digitorum longus.
3 - Gastrocnemius.
4 - Soleus.
- Also necessary for dorsiflexion in the swing phase.
What is eccentric contraction?
Eccentric contractions occur when a muscle opposes a stronger force and reverse its initial trajectory.
List 6 observations that should be made when analysing the gait cycle.
1 - Ankle and foot position and motion.
2 - Knee position and motion.
3 - Hip position and motion.
4 - Pelvic position and rotation.
5 - Head and trunk position and movement.
6 - Arm swing.
What might a short stature indicate?
1 - Skeletal dysplaisa.
2 - Hypophosphatemic rickets.
What instruments are used in a gait laboratory?
1 - Force platforms.
2 - Pressure sensors.
3 - Computer-assisted gait analysis.
List 9 abnormalities of gait patterns.
1 - Antalgic: pain.
2 - Circumduction: LLD.
3 - Stiff hip.
4 - Spasticity / scissoring: neurological.
5 - Trendelenburg (contralateral pelvis drop): weakness.
6 - Stepping (toe drops to the ground before heel strike): weakness.
7 - Ataxic: cerebellar.
8 - Clumsy: dyspraxia.
9 - Bizarre: psychogenic.
Which 5 questions are involved in a rapid clinical gait analysis?
What do these questions tell you about the pathology?
1 - Is there pain?
2 - Is there asymmetry?
3 - Is there scissoring or waddling? - muscle tone / strength.
4 - Is there a wide base? - imbalance.
5 - Is it bizarre? - psychosomatic.
List 5 age related bone and joint diagnoses for infants and toddlers.
1 - DDH.
2 - Congenital limb disorders.
3 - Non-accidental injury.
4 - Septic arthritis.
5 - Foreign body.
List 6 age related bone and joint diagnoses for children.
1 - Reactive arthritis.
2 - Perthes.
3 - Osgood-Schlatters (knee).
4 - Sever’s disease (heel).
5 - Kohler disease (navic).
6 - Tarsal coalition.
List 5 age related bone and joint diagnoses for adolescents.
1 - SUFE.
2 - Osteochondritis dissecans.
3 - Stress fractures.
4 - Overuse syndromes.
5 - Bony tumours.
List 3 diagnoses that might be made from an abdominal examination.
1 - Appendicitis.
2 - Intussusception.
3 - Psoas abscess.
