537 Pediatrics > Gait Development > Flashcards

Gait Development Flashcards

(56 cards)

Study These Flashcards
1
Q

The Torsional Profile includes?

A
  • Foot Progression Angle
  • Thigh Foot Angle
  • Hip Torsion
  • Hip Ante Torsion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

The Torsional Profile:
Foot Progression Angle

A

Mean = 10 degrees
Norm = -3 to 20 degrees

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

The Torsional Profile:
Thigh Foot Angle

A

Mean = 10 degrees
Norm = -5 to 30 degrees

Less than -5 degrees of tibial torsion is abnormal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

The Torsional Profile:
Hip Torsion

A

Mean = 15 degrees

Males average 8 degrees
Females average 14 degrees

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

The Torsional Profile:
Hip Ante Torsion

A

At birth = 30 to 40 degrees

Angle decreases after birth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the 5 Major Attributes for Walking according to Gage?

A
  1. Stability in Stance
  2. Sufficient foot clearance in swing
  3. Appropriate prepositioning of foot for initial contact
  4. Adequate step length
  5. Energy conservation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the Prerequisite Attributes of Walking

A
  • Adequate motor control and CNS maturation
  • Adequate ROM, strength, bone structure and composition
  • Intact sensation (proprioception)
  • Muscle Activation patterns for pelvic stabilization
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What does the development of a motor pattern depend on?

A

A combination of mechanical, structural, neurologic, cognitive, and perceptual factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Why does an infant begin ambulation?

A
  • To learn
  • Upright mobility is needed to explore the environment
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Neurological Factors in Ambulation:
Central Pattern Generators

A

CPGs are networks of interneurons that produce rhythmic patterns without the need for sensory feedback

They help organize muscle activation and firing patterns during gait.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How do CPG’s help with rhythmic patterns in everyday life?

A

CPG’s reside within the Spinal Cord and are involved in:
- Locomotion
- Swallowing
- Chewing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Properties of CPGs

A

Main property is the generation of rhythmic movement in the spinal level

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

CPGs: Flexion and Extension response

A

CPGs adapt to changing environments and maintain rhythmic movements

When an obstacle is provided, there is a FLEXION response in the stimulated leg and a simultaneous EXTENSION response in the contralateral leg to continue to maintain stance phase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How are CPGs modulated and changed?

A

Through hormones and neuromuscular transmitters

Modulated from ascending peripheral input and descending input

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Infant Locomotion:
Prenatal Development

A

Alternating leg movements, similar to walking develop by 16 weeks of embryonic age

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the most convincing evidence for Human CPGs?

A

Neonatal stepping

Alternating leg movements seen in embryo at 16 weeks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Biomechanical Factors to Pediatric Locomotion

A
  • ROM
  • Strength
  • Bone Strength
  • Managing gravitational & inertial forces of the Lower Extremities
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Do infants have the body dimensions for optimal functioning?

A

NO!! They have to physically grow into it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the 7 Phases of Locomotion development by McGraw?

A
  1. Stepping Reflex 0-2 months
  2. Disappearance of Stepping Reflex
  3. Reappearance of Stepping 3 months
  4. Walking with support ~10 months
  5. Ind. walking with high guard 12 months +/- 3
  6. Ind. walking with arms at sides
  7. Ind. walking with erect posture ~4 years
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Age-Related changes in Gait:
Birth to 6 months

A

Body fat increases 12% to 25% of body mass

During the first 4 months, >40% of weight gain from fat tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Age-Related changes in Gait:
Birth to 9 months

A

Begin to stand and cruise
Hip flexion contractures, greater hip ER and Abd in standing w/ femoral anteversion and antetorsion

Genu Varum, with developing hip extensor strength in prone, creeping, and kneeling

Walking with wide Hip Abd, ER, Flex. Bowed legs and everted heels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

According to the Dynamic Systems approach, what factors into Gait Acquisition?

A
  • Depth Perception
  • CPG Rhythmicity
  • Experience
  • Strength
  • Biomechanics
  • Somato-sensory
  • Motivation
  • Depth Perception
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Gait Requirements for Infants

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Desire
  • Biomechanics
  • Vision
  • Somatosensory
  • Strength
  • Practice
  • Postural Control
24
Q

Gait Requirements:
Desire

Study These Flashcards
A

Not cognition or IQ, but innate desire to discover and move out in the environment

25
Gait Requirements: Biomechanics
- Body proportions - Trunk Growth - Center of Gravity higher in infants - Flexibility in LE chain (muscular and skeletal changes) - Adequate ROM
26
Gait Requirements: Vision
Depth and spatial relationships - Peripheral vision & downward gaze - Ability to scan the environment - Able to dissociate eye movements from head
27
Gait Requirements: Somatosensory System
Stability for postural changes - Vision is primary for postural control - Use proprioception and vestibular
28
Gait Requirements: Strength
Critical variable to development of gait Hip extensors control develop from prone position and gradually builds when creeping and kneeling
29
When do infants begin weightbearing?
Begin at 4 months At 7 months increase WB, cruising for Hip Abd, and Pull to stand
30
Gait Requirements: Practice
Crucial factor, walk by falling Toddlers (12-19 months) take 14,000 steps (4-6 football fields) and fall 100 times for 6 hours per day
31
Gait Requirements: Postural Control System
Last requirement usually prior to gait initiation Anticipatory postural adjustments present in children with 1-4 months of walking experience
32
Gait Requirements: Reactive Strategies
With fast perturbations, young children (1-2.5) show more monosynaptic reflex responses than automatic
33
5 Major Determinants of Mature Gait
- Duration of Single Limb Stand - Walking Velocity - Cadence - Step Length - Base of Support
34
5 Major Determinants of Mature Gait: Duration of Single Limb Stand
Indicates increasing stability and balance
35
5 Major Determinants of Mature Gait: Walking Velocity
Distance / Time Linear increase 1-7 years
36
5 Major Determinants of Mature Gait: Cadence
Steps / minute Very high in 1 year and decreases rapidly 1-2 years
37
5 Major Determinants of Mature Gait: Step Length
Linear Increase
38
5 Major Determinants of Mature Gait: Base of Support
Ratio of width of pelvis to ankle spread Achieve adult levels by 3.5 - 4 years
39
What are the Characteristics of the First Steps
- Average age is 11.2 months - Short stride length - High steppage pattern - Wide base of support - Flat-footed contact - Toes turn outward - No arm swing (high guard) scap add - Rigid halting leg action - Leans forward to propel - Co-activation in ankles during stance, no heel strike or rise
40
First Steps: Swing Phase
- Excessive Hip flexion throughout - Hips remain in Abd/Ext Rot - Knee doesn't fully extend at terminal swing, remains flexed - Gastrocs fire at terminal swing - PF and Toe initial contact
41
First Steps - Stance Phase
- Hips in Abd/Ext Rot - Hips in terminal stance remains in slight flexion - Knee flexion remains in mid stance - Slight plantarflexion at initial stance - No heel off in terminal stance - Coactivation in gastrocs and tib ant
42
Advancements from 15 to 18 months
- Improved postural control, arms at side - Relatively large BOS - diminished from 12 months - Hips & Knees flexed throughout cycle - Flat foot contact / no push off, changes in tib ant/ gastroc co-activation
43
When does stepping to recover balance start with walking experience?
Starts with 1 to 3 months walking experience
44
Shaping of the Gait Pattern: Why is Extensor Loading important?
Allows for the modulation of the stepping response
45
Shaping of the Gait Pattern: Where does extensor loading come from?
Arises from the Hip Extensors
46
Shaping of the Gait Pattern: What regulates the swing phase?
Amount of loading and control of phase transitions
47
Shaping of the Gait Pattern: How does loading affect the hip?
Load increases = More hip EXT Load decreases = More hip FLEX
48
What is INVOLVED with achieving an upright mobility pattern for infants?
Transformation of a Plantar Flexion pattern to Heel Strike Pattern PF to DF
49
What happens WHEN achieving an upright mobility pattern for infants?
- 18-24 months a heel strike pattern emerges, but is not consistent - Decoupling of the hip, knee, and ankle - Suppression of monosynaptic reflex responses and emergence of polysynaptic reflex responses COM descends
50
What happens at 2 years in the gait pattern?
- Maintain elements of Abd/Ext Rot (decreased) - Increase Hip Ext and duration of stance phase - Emerging arm swing (increased postural control) By 24 months, a consistent heel strike develops, with the gastrocs/tib ant demonstrating reciprocity to increase propulsion
51
What happens at 3-3.5 years in the gait pattern?
- Joint angles associated with walking mature - Joint torque and propulsion are still immature - Tibiofemoral angle - maximum valgus alignment - Femoral antetorsion of the hip decreases but still greater than that of adults - EMG activity has mature pattern - Vision and vestibular not mature yet
52
What happens at 6-7 years of the gait pattern?
- By age 7, patterns are fully mature - Tibiofemoral angle - neutral - Femoral antetorsion of the hip is largely resolved but still greater than that of adults - Vision, Vestibular, and Proprioception more coordinated - Heel position is neutral at age 7
53
What does the progression of gait involve?
Involves a transition from a feedback control of balance, synergistic pattern to one with anticipatory postural control and precise patterns
54
At what age do you have an adult gait pattern?
At 7 years of age
55
Atypical Gait Development demonstrates what characteristics?
- Lack of timely lower extremity loading - Reduced LE movement patterns & inability to produce LE strength for loading Leads to skeletal modeling errors and reduced muscular flexibility that lead to contractures
56
Cerebral Palsy Gait Patterns
- True Equinus - Equinus Jump Gait - Apparent Equinus - Equinus Knee Recurvatum - Knee Recurvatum - Crouch Gait - Drop foot - Stiff Knee
537 Pediatrics
flashcards
Decks in class (15)
# Cards
Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2026 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions