Gait Development

Question 1

5 major attributes for walking

Answer 1

• stability in stance
• ft clearance during swing
• approp preposition of ft for IC
• adequate step length
• energy conservation

Question 2

4 prerec attributes for gait

Answer 2

• adequate motor control and CNS maturation
• adequate ROM, strength, bone structure
• intact sens
• mus activation for pelvic stability

Question 3

What do studies suggest about stepping

Answer 3

Neonatal stepping is a continuum of LE kicking pattern in utero

Question 4

How long until alt leg mvmnt in prenatal development

Answer 4

16 wks

Question 5

What do central pattern generators (CPGs) do

Answer 5

Organize mus activation firing patterns during gait

Question 6

3 CPGs in SC involved in motor rhythmic patterns

Answer 6

-locomotion
-swallowing
-chewing

Question 7

4 properties of CPG

Answer 7

• generate rhythmic mvmnt in spinal lvl
• adapt to changing environment
• NM transmitter and hormones produce change
  -modulation from ascending and descending input

Question 8

1st phase of locomotion and time range

Answer 8

Stepping reflex: 0-2 months

Question 9

Phase 2 of locomotion and time range

Answer 9

Disappearance of stepping reflex: 2 months

Question 10

Phase 3 of locomotion

Answer 10

Reappearance of stepping reflex

Question 11

Phase 4 of locomotion and time range

Answer 11

Walking with support: 10 months

Question 12

Phase 5 of locomotion and time range

Answer 12

Independent walking with high guard: 12 +/- 3 months

Question 13

Phase 6 of locomotion

Answer 13

Independent walking arms by side

Question 14

Phase 7 of locomotion and time range

Answer 14

Independent walking with erect posture: 4 years

Question 15

Biomechanical bias in infants

Answer 15

Flexion bias in knee and hip

Question 16

3 constraints that change gait patterns

Answer 16

Mus act, jt kinematics, kinetics

Question 17

5 major determinants of mature gait

Answer 17

• SLS duration
• walking velocity
• cadence
• step length
• BOS

Question 18

9 first step characteristics

Answer 18

• short stride length
• high step pattern
• wide BOS
• flat ft contact
• toes out
• no arm swing (high guard)
• lean fwd propel
• ankles co-contract during stance
• no heel strike

Question 19

2 requirements to make baby walk

Answer 19

Desire and motivation

Question 20

Purpose of somatosensory system during gait? What system is primary?

Answer 20

Stability for postural changes

Vision

Question 21

5 characteristics of vision required for gait

Answer 21

-downward gaze
- peripheral
- scan environment
- dissociate eye movements from head
- spatial

Question 22

3 critical strength components required for gait

Answer 22

• hip ext (prone con/ecc act, crawl/kneel)
• WB at 4 m’s
• pull to stand (closed chain hip and knee ext)

Question 23

4 biomechanics of swing phase

Answer 23

• excess hip flex
• hips ABD and ER
• no full knee ext at term swing
• gastroc fire at term swing

Question 24

What happens to hip with increased and decreased load

Answer 24

Increased load —> increased hip extension
Decreased load —> increased hip flex

Question 25

15-18 months gait characteristics

Answer 25

- lg BOS - flat ft contact (no push off)* - improved postural control (arms at side)

Question 26

6-7 years gait characteristics

Answer 26

- gait patterns mature - tibiofibular angle neutral - fem antetorsion almost resolved - vision, vestibular, and prop coordinated

Question 27

3 components that lead to anticipatory postural control

Answer 27

Practice, learning, and SC circuitry changes

Question 28

When does heel strike emerge, but is not consistent

Answer 28

18-24 months

Question 29

When does consistent heel strike and push off emerge

Answer 29

2 years