Gait deviations

Question 1

ankle and foot deviations

Answer 1

• foot slap
• toe down instead of heel strike
• clawing of toes
• heel lift during midstance
• no toe-off

Question 2

potential causes: foot slap

Answer 2

• weak dorsiflexors

- DF paralysis

Question 3

potential causes: toe down instead of heel strike

Answer 3

• PF spasticity
• PF contracture
• weak DF
• DF paralysis
• leg length discrepancy
• hindfoot pain

Question 4

potential causes: clawing of toes

Answer 4

• toe flexor spasticity

- positive support reflex

Question 5

potential causes: heel lift during midstance

Answer 5

• insufficient DF range

- PF spasticity

Question 6

potential causes: no toe-off

Answer 6

• forefoot/toe pain
• weak PF
• weak toe flexors
• insufficient PF ROM

Question 7

knee deviations

Answer 7

• exaggerated knee flexion at contact
• hyperextension in stance
• exaggerated knee flexion at terminal stance
• insufficient flexion with swing
• excessive flexion with swing

Question 8

potential causes: exaggerated knee flexion at contact

Answer 8

• weak quads
• quadriceps paralysis
• HS spasticity
• insufficient extension ROM

Question 9

potential causes: hyperextension in stance

Answer 9

• compensation for weak quads

- PF contracture

Question 10

potential causes: exaggerated knee flexion at terminal stance

Answer 10

• knee flexion contracture

- hip flexion contracture

Question 11

potential causes: insufficient flexion with swing

Answer 11

• knee effusion
• quadriceps extension spasticity
• PF spasticity
• insufficient flexion ROM

Question 12

potential causes: excessive flexion with swing

Answer 12

• flexor withdrawal reflex

- LE flexor synergy

Question 13

hip deviations

Answer 13

• insufficient hip flexion at initial contact
• insufficient hip extension in stance
• circumduction during swing
• hip hiking during swing
• exaggerated hip flexion during swing

Question 14

potential causes: insufficient hip flexion at IC

Answer 14

• weak hip flexors
• hip flexor paralysis
• hip extensor spasticity
• insufficient hip flexion ROM

Question 15

potential causes: insufficient hip extension at stance

Answer 15

• insufficient hip extension ROM
• hip flexion contracture
• LE flexor synergy

Question 16

potential causes: circumduction during swing

Answer 16

• compensation for weak hip flexors
• compensation for weak DF
• compensation for weak HS

Question 17

potential causes: hip hiking during swing

Answer 17

• compensation for weak DF
• compensation for weak knee flexors
• compensation for extensor synergy pattern

Question 18

potential causes: exaggerated hip flexion during swing

Answer 18

• lower extremity flexor synergy

- compensation for insufficient ankle DF