Gaits

Question 1

Eversion;
Usually refers to lateral movement of the calcaneus, produces pronation in the subtalar joint.
Dynamic movement, static position

Answer 1

Pronation

Question 2

Inversion; refers to medial movement of the calcaneus, supination in the subtalar joint.
Dynamic movement, static position

Answer 2

Supination

Question 3

Stance phase and Swing phase

Answer 3

Phases of gait

Question 4

Heel Strike, midstance, and propuslive period

Answer 4

Stance Phase

Question 5

• Toe-off opposite foot
• Knee extended
• Foot dorsiflexed
• Leg decelerating
• Subtalar join is pronating, calcaneus rocking laterally, the foot itself is in a supinated position.

Answer 5

Heel Strike

Question 6

• 27% of stance phase.

- Major functions: transfer weight and shock absorption

Answer 6

Heel strike

Question 7

• Weight-bearing period b/w foot flat and heel lift.
• Toe-off completed for opposite foot
• Foot in full contact with floor
• Subtalar joint is supination, calcaneus rocking medially, the foot itself is moving toward a prorated position

Answer 7

Midstance

Question 8

• 40% of stance phase

- Major functions: bearing weight, convert foot from adaptive shock absorber to rigid lever for propulsion

Answer 8

Midstance

Question 9

• Period b/w heel lift and toe-off (push off)
• subtalar supination continued and completed
• subtalar joint continued to supinate, calcaneus rocking medially, the foot itself is in a prorated position

Answer 9

Propulsive Period

Question 10

• 33% of stance phase
• Major functions: transfer weight from lateral to medial side of foot, and to ball and toes for even propulsion. Shifting weight of body to other foot.

Answer 10

Propulsive period

Question 11

Approximately 60% of gait cycle

Answer 11

Stance phase

Question 12

Approximately 40% of gait cycle

Answer 12

Swing phase

Question 13

Acceleration, mid swing, deceleration

Answer 13

Phases of Swing phase

Question 14

• Toe-off to midswing
• Hip flexes to propel leg forward
• Functional significance: transfer foot forward for next step.

Answer 14

Acceleration phase

Question 15

• transition period b/w acceleration and deceleration

- halfway point to swing phase

Answer 15

Mid swing

Question 16

• Midswing to heel strike

- major function: decelerates lib to prepare for contact and weight transfer

Answer 16

Deceleration

Question 17

Six Classical Determinants

Answer 17

Pelvic rotation
Pelvic tilt
Pelvis shift
Knee flexion
Knee-ankle relationship
Hip flexion

Question 18

Normal oscillation pattern

High point:_______________

Answer 18

Midstance (either foot)

Question 19

Normal Oscillation pattern

Low point:________________

Answer 19

Double weight bearing (toe-off/heel strike)

Question 20

Rotation of the entire pelvis away from the side of the forward leg.

Answer 20

Pelvic rotation

Question 21

4 degree to each side

Answer 21

Pelvic rotation

Question 22

• Axis of rotation in the opposite hip.
• Result is decreased angle b/w leg and floor and b/w hip and leg.
• Vertical displacement decreased by 3/8

Answer 22

Pelvic rotation

Question 23

Pelvic dips inferiorly on the swing side (4-6 degrees)

Answer 23

Pelvis shift

Question 24

Hip adduction on stance side

Smoothes pelvic motion, helps maintain balance

Answer 24

Pelvis shift

Question 25

Stance leg knee goes from full extension (heel strike) to 15 degree flexion; knee re-extends as toe-off approaches

Answer 25

Knee flexion

Question 26

- important shock absorber | - decreases vertical displacement 1/8

Answer 26

Knee flexion

Question 27

- Similar to knee flexion determinant | - Ankle 90 degrees at heel strike, plantar flexion follows, then dorsiflexion as toe-off approaches

Answer 27

Knee-ankle relationship

Question 28

As heel raises during toe-off vertical lift smoothed out by knee flexion

Answer 28

Knee-ankle relationship

Question 29

Acceleration stage of swing phase

Answer 29

Hip flexion

Question 30

- Moves foot forward with minimal vertical undulation | - Would have to raise pelvis without hip flexion

Answer 30

Hip flexion

Question 31

Hip flexor/extensors

Answer 31

Prime movers

Question 32

Hip abductors/adductors

Answer 32

Stabilizers

Question 33

Hamstrings and gluteus max to slow down swing

Answer 33

Decelerators

Question 34

Major Muscles of Gait

Answer 34

``` Gluteus Max and med Hamstrings Gastrocnemius and soleus Tibialis anterior Quadriceps Iliopsoas TFL ```

Question 35

What are the 3 different phases of Stance phase?

Answer 35

Heel strike Midstance Toe-off

Question 36

The following describes which phase of stance phase? - Hamstring activity decreases - quads-extends knee - Gluteus medius- stabilizes pelvis, controls hip adduction with eccentric contraction - Paraspinal muscles- keep pelvis from dipping excessively. - Tibialis anterior- dorsiflexes foot, eccentric contraction as foot makes contact

Answer 36

Heel Strike

Question 37

The following describes which phase of Stance phase? - Body weight being pulled over foot by the body's momentum - Gastroc., Soleus, and TFL braking and controlling.

Answer 37

Midstance

Question 38

The following describes which phase of stance phase? - Propel body weight forward - gastroc and soleus contraction

Answer 38

Toe-off

Question 39

The following describes which phase of swing phase? - Hip flexors (iliosoas and quads) flex hip and accelerate forward. - Tibialis anterior contracts so toes clear floor.

Answer 39

Acceleration

Question 40

The following describes which phase of Swing phase? | -Contraction of gluteus max and hamstrings decelerates and prepares limb or heel strike.

Answer 40

Deceleration

Question 41

In gait evaluation what are the 4 important aspects of physical exam that shows integrity of NMS system?

Answer 41

- Nervous system integrity - Coordination and integration of movements - Muscle strength and health - Biomechanical integrity and stability of involved joints

Question 42

What are the 3 methods of evaluation of Gait evaluation?

Answer 42

- Complex and difficulty process is assess - Begin with general observation and overview - Break down into component parts