Dosage forms I > Gels > Flashcards

Gels Flashcards

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1
Q
  1. Semisolids have properties in between:
    A. Gases and liquids
    B. Solids and gases
    C. Solids and liquids
    D. Powders and aerosols
A

C

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2
Q
  1. Gels are semisolid dispersions formed due to interactions between:
    A. Drug and solvent only
    B. Polymer and air
    C. Dispersed phase and container
    D. Dispersed phase and dispersion medium
A

D

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3
Q
  1. The jelly-like consistency of gels comes from:
    A. High drug concentration
    B. Evaporation of water
    C. Crosslinked polymer network
    D. Oil–water separation
A

C

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4
Q
  1. The gelling agent creates:
    A. A 2D network
    B. A 3D polymer network
    C. A crystalline structure
    D. Only viscosity without structure
A

B

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5
Q
  1. Gelling agents increase viscosity without:
    A. Changing color
    B. Changing pH
    C. Changing other formulation properties
    D. Changing solubility of drug
A

C

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6
Q
  1. In a sol, particles:
    A. Form a 3D network
    B. Are aggregated tightly
    C. Do not form a 3D structure
    D. Are fully crosslinked
A

C

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7
Q
  1. Imbibition means:
    A. Absorption with swelling
    B. Absorption without volume increase
    C. Expulsion of water
    D. Breaking of crosslinks
A

B

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8
Q
  1. Swelling means:
    A. No volume change
    B. Drug dissolving into the gel
    C. Absorption of liquid with volume increase
    D. Evaporation of solvent
A

C

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9
Q
  1. Syneresis occurs when:
    A. Swelling becomes too high
    B. Drug diffuses out quickly
    C. Polymer–polymer attraction becomes strong
    D. Polymer degrades rapidly
A

C

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10
Q
  1. Syneresis results in:
    A. Water absorption
    B. Gel expansion
    C. Expulsion of dispersion medium
    D. Faster drug release
A

C

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11
Q
  1. Hydrogels use which continuous phase?
    A. Oil
    B. Alcohol
    C. Water
    D. Organic solvent
A

C

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12
Q
  1. Hydrogels can absorb large amounts of water because of:
    A. Strong polymer–polymer repulsion
    B. Weak crosslinking
    C. Hydrophobic interactions
    D. Hydrophilic polymer network
A

D

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13
Q
  1. Hydrogels resemble biological tissues because:
    A. They are rigid
    B. They contain high water content
    C. They contain proteins
    D. They have pores > 500 µm
A

B

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14
Q
  1. Crosslinking in hydrogels may occur via:
    A. Covalent or hydrogen bonding
    B. Radioactive decay
    C. Metal chelation only
    D. Surfactant micelles
A

A

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15
Q
  1. Increased crosslinking strength leads to:
    A. More swelling
    B. Larger pores
    C. Smaller pores
    D. Faster diffusion
A

C

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16
Q
  1. Smaller pore size leads to:
    A. Faster release
    B. Slower release
    C. No change
    D. Immediate burst
A

B

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17
Q
  1. Organogels contain which continuous phase?
    A. Water
    B. Aqueous buffer
    C. Organic solvents or oils
    D. Surfactant solutions
A

C

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18
Q
  1. Interactions in organogels are mainly:
    A. Covalent bonds
    B. Strong ionic bonds
    C. Hydrogen bonding only
    D. Weak bonds like van der Waals
A

D

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19
Q
  1. Xerogels are formed by:
    A. Cooling hydrogels
    B. Removing liquid phase via drying
    C. Freezing the gel
    D. Adding excess polymer
A

B

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20
Q
  1. Xerogels have:
    A. Low porosity
    B. No surface area
    C. Very small mesh size
    D. No polymer present
A

C

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21
Q
  1. High porosity of xerogels allows:
    A. Immediate burst release
    B. Controlled drug release
    C. No release
    D. Only topical use
A

B

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22
Q
  1. In hydrogels, if mesh size is larger than drug size:
    A. Drug is immobilized
    B. Slow diffusion occurs
    C. Fast diffusion occurs
    D. No release happens
A

C

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23
Q
  1. If mesh size is smaller than drug size:
    A. Fast release
    B. Slow release
    C. Drug remains trapped
    D. Sol–gel transition occurs
A

C

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24
Q
  1. Hydration degree affects release because:
    A. More hydration increases crosslinking
    B. Swelling increases pore size
    C. Hydration blocks pore openings
    D. Dehydration speeds release
A

B

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25
25. Increasing polymer concentration generally: A. Reduces viscosity B. Reduces crosslinking C. Prevents gelation D. Increases junction zones and viscosity
D
26
26. High molecular weight polymers generally produce: A. Lower viscosity gels B. Higher viscosity gels C. No gelation D. Only organogels
B
27
27. A good solvent for a polymer will: A. Prevent polymer expansion B. Reduce crosslink formation C. Allow polymer chains to expand and form junction zones D. Stop gelation
C
28
28. Poor solvents lead to: A. Strong gelation B. Lower polymer expansion and weak gelation C. Higher swelling D. Larger pore size
B
29
29. pH affects gelation because it can change: A. Polymer flavor B. Polymer ionization C. Temperature of gel D. Color of gel
B
30
30. Non-ionic polymers are affected by pH: A. Always B. Strongly C. Not affected D. Only when heated
C
31
31. Temperature generally affects gelation by: A. Increasing gelation as temperature increases B. Decreasing gelation always C. Fully stopping crosslinking D. Never affecting gels
A
32
32. Which polymer gels upon cooling? A. Alginic acid B. Gellan gum C. Methylcellulose D. Xanthan gum
C
33
33. Gelling agents form crosslinks because of: A. Drug binding B. Water evaporation C. Polymer–polymer interactions D. Air bubbles
C
34
34. Crosslinking results in: A. Gel losing viscosity B. Gel gaining structure and rigidity C. Gel dissolving D. Gel phase separation
B
35
35. High crosslinking strength causes: A. Increased swelling B. Lower swelling C. No change in swelling D. Gel liquefaction
B
36
36. Low swelling means: A. Larger mesh size B. Smaller mesh size C. No change in pore size D. Drug dissolves faster
B
37
37. Mesh size and pore size refer to: A. Different structures B. Same concept: spacing between polymer chains C. Only xerogels D. Only hydrophobic gels
B
38
38. Fast drug diffusion occurs when: A. Drug is larger than mesh B. Mesh size ≈ drug size C. Mesh size > drug size D. Mesh size < drug size
C
39
39. Slow diffusion occurs when: A. Drug is much smaller than pores B. Drug size ≈ mesh size C. Drug is huge compared to pores D. Mesh size is infinite
B
40
40. Immobilization of drug occurs when: A. Drug is smaller than mesh B. Drug is equal size to mesh C. Drug is larger than mesh D. Mesh size increases
C
41
41. Immobilized drugs may still be released if: A. Gel degrades B. Crosslinks increase C. Pore size decreases D. Temperature is lowered
A
42
42. Swelling increases drug release because it: A. Makes gel more rigid B. Increases crosslinking C. Expands mesh size D. Lowers polymer hydration
C
43
43. Degree of hydration influences release mainly by: A. Decreasing viscosity B. Increasing mesh size C. Making the polymer hydrophobic D. Eliminating polymer chains
B
44
44. Stimuli-responsive hydrogels can be triggered by: A. Light B. Temperature C. pH D. All of the above
D
45
45. Pressure, magnetic field, and ionic strength can: A. Never affect release B. Trigger drug release in responsive hydrogels C. Only degrade gels D. Remove crosslinks permanently
B
46
46. An organogel is recognized by having: A. High water content B. Aqueous continuous phase C. Oil or organic solvent continuous phase D. No polymer network
C
47
47. Hydrogels differ from organogels because hydrogels: A. Are hydrophobic B. Use water as continuous phase C. Use oils as phase D. Only form xerogels
B
48
48. Xerogels differ from hydrogels because xerogels: A. Contain high water content B. Are freshly prepared C. Are dried gels with tiny mesh size D. Cannot hold drugs
C
49
49. Method where the gelling agent is added to cold water (4–10°C) is: A. Fusion method B. Cold method C. Dispersion method D. Hydration method
B
50
50. In the fusion method, the gelling agent is: A. Added to cold water B. Dissolved in an oil phase C. Melted or dispersed in hot liquid D. Added last after cooling
C
51
51. In the cold method, the dispersion must be transferred to the packaging container: A. After heating B. After cooling overnight C. Immediately, then allowed to warm to room temperature D. After complete dehydration
C
52
52. In the dispersion method, the first step is: A. Dissolving the drug B. Heating the polymer C. Dispersing gelling agent in water at room temperature D. Mixing everything at once
C
53
53. Increasing polymer concentration generally leads to: A. Fewer junction zones B. Lower viscosity C. More junction zones and higher viscosity D. Loss of gel structure
C
54
54. Low polymer concentration leads to: A. Strong gelation B. Limited polymer–polymer interactions C. Immediate syneresis D. No swelling
B
55
55. High molecular weight polymers form more crosslinks because: A. They degrade faster B. They are shorter chains C. They have longer chains with more interaction points D. They do not interact with solvent
C
56
56. A good solvent increases gel strength because it: A. Collapses polymer chains B. Prevents swelling C. Allows full polymer chain expansion D. Removes water from the gel
C
57
57. A poor solvent results in: A. High crosslinking B. Expanded polymer chains C. Weak or no gelation D. Faster drug release
C
58
58. pH affects gelation by altering: A. Drug molecular weight B. Polymer ionization state C. Temperature of system D. Color stability
B
59
59. Increasing temperature typically: A. Enhances gelation (depends on polymer) B. Prevents all gelation C. Shrinks polymers permanently D. Weakens all hydrogels
A
60
60. Methylcellulose uniquely gels when: A. Heated B. Cooled to room temperature C. Frozen D. Fully dehydrated
B
61
61. The mesh size of a gel refers to: A. The number of polymer molecules present B. Spaces between polymer chains C. Drug solubility D. The thickness of the gel container
B
62
62. When mesh size increases, drug release: A. Decreases B. Stops C. Increases D. Is unaffected
C
63
63. When crosslinking strength increases, pore size: A. Increases B. Decreases C. Becomes infinite D. Does not change
B
64
64. A hydrogel with extremely small pore size will: A. Release drug rapidly B. Immobilize larger drugs C. Prevent polymer–polymer interactions D. Immediately undergo syneresis
B
65
65. Drug diffusion depends primarily on: A. Drug color B. Drug size relative to mesh size C. Smell of excipients D. Container material
B
66
66. If drug size ≈ mesh size, what occurs? A. Fast diffusion B. Slow diffusion C. No interaction D. Degradation-controlled release only
B
67
67. In immobilization, drug may eventually be released because: A. Mesh size shrinks B. Polymer degrades C. Drug grows smaller D. Container expands
B
68
68. One advantage of hydrogels in wound dressing is: A. Hydrophobicity B. Ability to absorb exudate C. High mechanical stiffness D. Immediate dehydration
B
69
69. Hydrogels used as sustained DDS release the drug as: A. Water evaporates B. Polymer biodegrades C. Polymer becomes crystalline D. Oil phase separates
B
70
70. A polymer network that becomes tighter over time, squeezing out liquid, is showing: A. Swelling B. Imbibition C. Drug diffusion D. Syneresis
D
71
71. Hydrogels resemble biological tissues mainly because of: A. Oil content B. High water content and flexibility C. High stiffness D. Presence of proteins
B
72
72. The dispersed phase in a gel is: A. The liquid medium B. The polymer network C. The drug only D. Always the oil phase
B
73
73. Which of the following is a synthetic gelling agent? A. Acacia B. Gelatin C. Carbopol/Carbomer D. Tragacanth
C
74
74. Which of the following is a clay gelling agent? A. Pectin B. Bentonite C. Xanthan gum D. Petrolatum
B
75
75. Hydrogels with high hydration degree will: A. Have low swelling B. Show smaller mesh size C. Show larger mesh size and faster drug release D. Become xerogels
C
76
76. Semisolid dosage forms are mainly intended to be applied to: A. The lungs for inhalation B. The eye interior only C. Skin and/or mucous membranes for extended stay D. The bloodstream directly
C
77
77. By composition, gels are considered liquids because the dispersed phase is usually: A. 50–60% B. Less than 10% C. 90–100% D. Exactly 25%
B
78
78. The 3D crosslinked network in gels is formed mainly due to: A. Only covalent bonds B. Van der Waals, electrostatic, and hydrogen bonding interactions C. Radioactive forces D. Metal chelation only
B
79
79. Hydrogels can absorb aqueous fluid up to approximately how many times their original mass? A. 2 times B. 10 times C. 50 times D. 100 times
D
80
80. Which of the following is a common use of hydrogels? A. Enteric coating B. Contact lenses C. Aerosol propellant D. Lubricating oils
B
81
81. Which of the following can act as a gelling agent in organogels? A. Polyacrylic acid B. Bentonite only C. Petrolatum only D. Liquid paraffin alone
A
82
82. Xerogels typically have porosity in the range of: A. 1–5% B. 15–50% C. 70–90% D. 0–2%
B
83
83. Xerogels usually have surface area in the range of: A. 15–50 m²/g B. 50–100 m²/g C. 150–900 m²/g D. 1000–2000 m²/g
C
84
84. The mesh size in xerogels is typically: A. 1–10 nm B. 10–100 µm C. 1–10 mm D. 100–500 nm
A
85
85. How many main methods are listed for gel formulation in your notes? A. Two B. Three C. Four D. Five
B
Dosage forms I
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