General Mathematics > Genbio1 > Flashcards

Genbio1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Define cell.

A

The basic structural and functional unit of all living organisms.

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2
Q

True or false: Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus.

A

TRUE

Prokaryotic cells include bacteria and archaea.

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3
Q

Fill in the blank: Eukaryotic cells have a _______.

A

Nucleus

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4
Q

What is the function of the cell membrane?

A

It regulates what enters and exits the cell.

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5
Q

Define mitochondria.

A

Organelles that produce energy through cellular respiration.

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6
Q

What is the role of ribosomes?

A

They synthesize proteins by translating messenger RNA.

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7
Q

True or false: Chloroplasts are found in animal cells.

A

FALSE

Chloroplasts are found in plant cells and some protists.

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8
Q

Fill in the blank: The nucleus contains _______.

A

DNA

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9
Q

What is photosynthesis?

A

The process by which plants convert sunlight into chemical energy.

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10
Q

Define osmosis.

A

The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.

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11
Q

What is the function of the cell wall?

A

To provide structure and protection to plant cells.

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12
Q

True or false: DNA stands for deoxyribonucleic acid.

A

TRUE

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13
Q

Fill in the blank: RNA stands for _______.

A

Ribonucleic acid

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14
Q

What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?

A

To modify, sort, and package proteins for secretion.

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15
Q

Define enzyme.

A

A protein that acts as a catalyst to speed up chemical reactions.

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16
Q

What is cellular respiration?

A

The process of converting glucose and oxygen into energy.

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17
Q

True or false: ATP is the energy currency of the cell.

A

TRUE

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18
Q

Fill in the blank: Chromosomes are made of _______.

A

DNA and proteins

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19
Q

What is the function of lysosomes?

A

To digest and break down waste materials and cellular debris.

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20
Q

Define homeostasis.

A

The maintenance of a stable internal environment in an organism.

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21
Q

What is the function of the endoplasmic reticulum?

A

To synthesize proteins and lipids.

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22
Q

True or false: Bacteria are unicellular organisms.

A

TRUE

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23
Q

Fill in the blank: Viruses are not considered _______.

A

Living organisms

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24
Q

What is natural selection?

A

The process where organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive.

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25
Define **evolution**.
The change in the heritable characteristics of biological populations over successive generations.
26
What is a **species**?
A group of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring.
27
True or false: **Mutation** can lead to genetic variation.
TRUE
28
Fill in the blank: **Photosynthesis** occurs in the _______ of plant cells.
Chloroplasts
29
What is the **function** of the cytoskeleton?
To provide structural support and shape to the cell.
30
Define **genotype**.
The genetic constitution of an individual organism.
31
What is a **phenotype**?
The observable characteristics or traits of an organism.
32
True or false: **Homozygous** means having two identical alleles for a trait.
TRUE
33
Fill in the blank: **Heterozygous** means having _______ alleles for a trait.
Different
34
What is **cell division**?
The process by which a parent cell divides into two or more daughter cells.
35
Define **meiosis**.
A type of cell division that reduces the chromosome number by half.
36
What is the **function** of the spindle fibers?
To separate chromosomes during cell division.
37
True or false: **Mitosis** results in two identical daughter cells.
TRUE
38
Fill in the blank: **Gametes** are produced through _______.
Meiosis
39
What is **DNA replication**?
The process of making a copy of DNA before cell division.
40
Define **transcription**.
The process of copying a segment of DNA into RNA.
41
What is **translation**?
The process of synthesizing proteins from mRNA.
42
True or false: **Codons** are sequences of three nucleotides.
TRUE
43
Fill in the blank: **Anticodons** are found on _______.
tRNA
44
What is the **function** of the large central vacuole?
To store nutrients and waste products in plant cells.
45
Define **cell theory**.
The theory that all living things are composed of cells.
46
What is **biodiversity**?
The variety of life in the world or a particular habitat.
47
True or false: **Ecosystems** consist of living and non-living components.
TRUE
48
Fill in the blank: **Biomes** are large areas characterized by _______.
Similar climate and ecosystems
49
What is **symbiosis**?
A close and often long-term interaction between two different species.
50
Define **mutualism**.
A type of symbiosis where both species benefit.
51
What is **commensalism**?
A type of symbiosis where one species benefits and the other is unaffected.
52
True or false: **Parasitism** benefits one organism at the expense of another.
TRUE
53
Fill in the blank: **Autotrophs** produce their own _______.
Food
54
What is a **heterotroph**?
An organism that cannot produce its own food and relies on others.
55
Define **trophic levels**.
The hierarchical levels in an ecosystem, comprising producers and consumers.
56
What is **energy flow** in an ecosystem?
The transfer of energy through food chains and food webs.
57
True or false: **Decomposers** break down dead organic matter.
TRUE
58
Fill in the blank: **Nitrogen fixation** is crucial for _______ in plants.
Protein synthesis
59
What is **cellular communication**?
The process by which cells send and receive signals.
60
Define **signal transduction**.
The process by which a cell responds to external signals.
61
What is the **function** of hormones?
To regulate physiological processes in the body.
62
True or false: **Feedback loops** help maintain homeostasis.
TRUE
63
Fill in the blank: **Positive feedback** amplifies a _______.
Response
64
What is **negative feedback**?
A process that counteracts a change to maintain stability.
65
Define **ecosystem services**.
The benefits humans obtain from ecosystems.
66
What is **sustainability**?
The ability to maintain ecological balance and meet present needs.
67
True or false: **Extinction** is the end of a species.
TRUE
68
Fill in the blank: **Conservation** aims to protect _______.
Biodiversity
69
What is **climate change**?
Long-term alteration of temperature and typical weather patterns.
70
Define **adaptation**.
A trait that enhances an organism's ability to survive and reproduce.
71
What is **speciation**?
The formation of new and distinct species in the course of evolution.
72
True or false: **Invasive species** can disrupt local ecosystems.
TRUE
73
Fill in the blank: **Biogeochemical cycles** involve the movement of _______ through ecosystems.
Elements
74
What is **population dynamics**?
The study of how populations change over time.
75
Define **carrying capacity**.
The maximum population size that an environment can sustain.
76
What is **natural habitat**?
The natural environment in which a species lives.
77
True or false: **Endangered species** are at risk of extinction.
TRUE
78
Fill in the blank: **Habitat destruction** is a major threat to _______.
Biodiversity
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