GenBioFinal - NewNotes

Question 1

what stage does the cell look for errors?

Answer 1

G2

Question 2

what are small scale mutations?

Answer 2

“point mutations”

Question 3

what is a medium scale mutation?

Answer 3

sequence repeats

- slippage can occur: code folds up on self

Question 4

what are transposons?

Answer 4

• jumping dna

- cut and paste

Question 5

what is retrotransposons?

Answer 5

copy and paste

Question 6

what are large scale mutatuions?

Answer 6

chromosomal breakage

- very rare

Question 7

what animal is similar to us?

Answer 7

mice

Question 8

four types of biotechnology:

Answer 8

1. restriction enzymes and dna cloning
2. polymerase chain reaction (pcr)
3. dna sequencing
4. cloning of mammals

Question 9

restriction enzymes and dna cloning

Answer 9

• multiple cloning sites - 15-20 restriction enzymes; NEVER found in plasmids
• sticky ends on dna from hydrogen bonding’
• ligase gives sugar phosphate backbone
• ligase enzyme causes sticky ends to be attracted to each other
• cut plasmid with ECO RI and cuts dna sequence with GFP that it wants

Question 10

what is recombinant dna?

Answer 10

“chimeric dna”

• binary fission copies the cell/dna
• take cells and surround it with plasmids to make lots of copies of cell

Question 11

polymerase chain reaction

Answer 11

• lots of dna in short period of time
• whole cycle repeats approx 40 times
• apply heat 97-98 C = denature pro.
• then cool dna = primers grab on to sequence of dna (anneal primers)
• temp of 72-75 C have Taq Polymerase

Question 12

what is Taq Polymerase?

Answer 12

extends dna

- uses free dNTP, dATP, dGTP, dCTP, dTTP (nucleotides)

Question 13

what is dna sequencing?

Answer 13

• modified version of PCR

- Sanger method

Question 14

what is sanger method?

Answer 14

• set up 4 tubes

- all get Taq Pol, dNTP/dATP/dGTP/dCTP/dTTP, primer, and ions

Question 15

what is the label that get put on sugar phosphate?

Answer 15

A - radioactive or fluorescent label

Question 16

cloning of mammals

Answer 16

ex: the sheep dolly
- took skin cell from adult sheep and removed nucleus
- put nucleus into enucleated egg
- divided and become embryo-fetus-lamb