Gender

Question 1

What is sex?

Answer 1

Biologically determined

Question 2

What is gender?

Answer 2

Results from cultural expectations

Question 3

What is hegemonic masculinity and femininity?

Answer 3

• A traditional set of ideas about how men and women are supposed to behave in the UK
• Women are expected to occupy the maternal role and take on responsibility for housework, whereas men are expected to be head of the household and the economic breadwinner

Question 4

What is the socio- biological view of gender?

Answer 4

Gender roles are biologically determined and are therefore, fixed and unchangeable

Question 5

What does Wilson argue?

Answer 5

That males are genetically programmed to be more promiscuous

Question 6

What does Fox argue?

Answer 6

That men are born to be hunters and women are nurturers

Question 7

What does Statham argue about family and gender identity?

Answer 7

By the age of 5, most children have a clear gender identity.
They know what gender they belong to and what is appropriate behaviour for that gender

Question 8

What did Ann Oakley analyse?

Answer 8

How girls are socialised into their gender role
By the age of 5 most girls had a sense of gender identity

Question 9

How do we learn our gender identity according to Ann Oakley?

Answer 9

1. Manipulation - rewards and punishments
2. Canalization - Channelling interests into gender appropriate toys
3. Verbal appellations - Names given
4. Different activities

Question 10

What does Seidler argue about Asian girls femininity?

Answer 10

• Perceptions and expectations for their femininity based on their experiences within their family - learning what they are allowed to do less than their brothers and that there are expectations placed on them on how girls are supposed to behave
• Girls adopt a dual femininity - a traditional, normative female role at home and a more questioning femininity outside

Question 11

According to A - Level entries from 2010 more girls studied…

Answer 11

• Art
• English
• Law
• German

Question 12

According to A - Level entries from 2010 more boys studied…

Answer 12

• Economics
• Maths
• History
• Media/film studies

Question 13

What did Christine Skelton study

Answer 13

A primary school and describes ways in which gender sterotypes were created and maintained
EG at assembly the head would ask male staff to move equipment and posters of the walls at the school showed boys being active or naughty and girls being passive and good

Question 14

Osler and Vincent - Passive Femininity

Answer 14

• The girls they researched were less willing to pose direct challenges to authority because they didn’t want to get into trouble
• Boys were viewed positively by their peers if they got into trouble
• For girls, their physical appearance was seen as important

Question 15

What did Stanworth find?

Answer 15

Different attitudes and expectations of males and females
- Academically successful females “likely to become a PA to someone important”
- Males students got more attention from teachers

Question 16

Frosh et al (2002)

Answer 16

Boys identified characteristics such as hardness, having a fashionable look, holding anti - school values and being sporty as those to aspire to

Question 17

Reynolds (2001)

Answer 17

• Pressure on studious, artistic, non-sporty boys
• Labelled sweats, geeks, nerds
• Develop ways to cope - play down academic success, bully academic boys
• Make fun of girls who are “too academic”

Question 18

MacDonald and Marsh (2005)

Answer 18

Found peer groups were important to groups of disengaged young males, peers who were in the same or similar economic and social situation as each other

Question 19

Burdsey (2004)

Answer 19

• To become one of the team, young Asian footballers would often subsume their ethnic identity under a laddish one
• The peer group had greater importance outside their home rather than their ethnic identity

Question 20

Cumberbatch’s study of television commercials

Answer 20

• Cumberbatch’s study of television commercials concluded that such adverts reflected an “unacceptable face of sexism” and contribute to the patriarchal idea that ultimately women exists in what is essentially a man’s world
• Cumberbatch also found that men were more than twice as likely to be shown in paid employment while women were more than twice as likely to be shown doing things like washing and cleaning

Question 21

Ballister (1991)

Answer 21

• Notes that magazines seem to be present conflicting messages
• On the one hand, women are encouraged to behave radically in terms of sexuality and careers but are encouraged to conform to traditional feminine ideals

Question 22

Sean Nixon

Answer 22

• A backlash against the “new man” in the early 90s
• Yobbish lads - Liam Gallagher
• Men started to have a good time through sex, lager and loutish behaviour

Question 23

Wolf (1990)

Answer 23

Argues that the media presents women’s bodies as “projects” in need of improvement in terms of shape, size and weight

Question 24

Mort

Answer 24

• Marketing changes in the media in the 80s lead to changes in male identity
• Items traditionally aimed at men have become more acceptable for women
• Shopping no longer a female activity
• Men more subject to traditional female pressures of looking good

Question 25

Miller and Hoffman

Answer 25

That women are more religious than men; they said that women were more likely to go to church and have stronger personal religious commitment than men. Women are taught to be passive, obedient and nurturing than men, qualities that religion sees as very important

Question 26

Watson

Answer 26

Looked at Muslim communities and stated that the veil has the potential to give women their freedom. All three Muslim women that she spoke to all said that wearing the veil hide them from men, and prevented men from seeing them as sexual objects

Question 27

What is horizontal segregation?

Answer 27

Women tend to earn less than men for the same jobs

Question 28

What is Vertical segregation?

Answer 28

Women unable to progress the career ladder because of maternity breaks

Question 29

Billington et al

Answer 29

Pointed out that masculinity is usually linked with men as being workers. He said that women's roles are seen as domestic labourers.

Question 30

Sharpe and Wilkinson

Answer 30

Argue that the increasing participation and success of women in the world of paid work mean that traditional notions of female identity are being abandoned

Question 31

Sue SHARPE, 1972

Answer 31

- 1972, Sharpes survey of working class girls concluded that gender socialisation meant that the female identity revolved around "love, marriage, husband, children and careers". In terms of jobs she found that girls were drawn to typically female work such as office work, hairdressing or working with children

Question 32

Sue Sharpe, 1990s

Answer 32

- Replicated the same research in the 90s - Girls more confident and assertive - Committed to gender equality - Careers and economic independence were their main goals

Question 33

Helen Wilkinson

Answer 33

- Genderquake - Girls no longer happy to follow traditional mother and wife roles - No longer willing to tolerate abusive men or an unhappy marriage

Question 34

Connells "new man"

Answer 34

Argues that the "new man" is non sexist, non aggressive male who is sensitive, considerate, caring and sharing

Question 35

Burrell and Brinkworth

Answer 35

Some young females are adopting masculine values and norms, especially in regards to sex, drinking culture and girl gangs. These "ladettes" have adopted the attitudes of working class, antisocial males.

Question 36

David Abbott (2000)

Answer 36

Modern men have a growing interest in fashion and grooming The new "metrosexual" male is taking more interest in clothes, hair and appearance. Their identities increasingly revolve around their dress sense, body image and the right look

Question 37

Man an Ghaill

Answer 37

Not all men are motivated by fashion or style Heavy manual work as mining or shipbuilding provided working class men with a strong sense of pride. Most of these jobs have now disappeared in the UK now. Some men may be reacting to this crisis in masculinity by turning frustration to violence, crime, sexism and anti subcultures that are based on exaggerating masculine values

Question 38

Messerschmidt

Answer 38

Argues that the relatively powerless men use domestic violence, rape and even murder to reassert male control when they feel masculinity is threatened by women

Question 39

Baby pressure

Answer 39

Still a great deal of baby pressure from society to become wives and mothers. Women who choose to have careers instead of children are seen as deviant and working mothers are blamed for social problems such as juvenile delinquency.

Question 40

Influence of the media

Answer 40

- Little signs of improvement in how women are portrayed by the media - Mostly portrayed as sex objects and are judged on their weight rather than their intellect. - The media representation of women also represent their roles as a mother/ housewife

Question 41

Gardner and Shepard

Answer 41

Argue that men and women have increasingly turned to they buy and their leisure activities to create an identity for themselves rather than masculinity and feminist