Gender

Question 1

Who did the Deference Model?

Answer 1

Robin Lakoff

Question 2

Name at least 3 ways women defer by in the Deference Model.

Answer 2

1. Hedges
2. Super politeness
3. Hyper correctness
4. Tag Questions
5. Speaking in “italics”
6. Empty adjectives
7. Use of implication
8. Special lexicon
9. Question intonation
10. No sense of humour

Question 3

What is a flaw of the Deference Model?

Answer 3

It was not based on empirical research

Question 4

Who criticised Lakoff’s Deference Model?

Answer 4

Dubois and Crouch

Question 5

What did Dubois and Crouch find in their study?

Answer 5

Men use more tags than women and tags do not always show deference

Question 6

What does the Dominance Model say?

Answer 6

Men behave in ways that actively seek to dominate women and take status from them while increasing mens

Question 7

Who studied turn taking?

Answer 7

Zimmerman and West

Question 8

What did Zimmerman and West find in their Turn Taking Study?

Answer 8

1. Men interrupt women 23 times more than women interrupt men
2. Same-sex conversations have three times more overlaps than interruptions
3. Mixed-sex conversations have five times more interruptions than overlaps

Question 9

Who criticised Zimmerman and West’s Turn Taking Study?

Answer 9

Beattie, Eakens and Eakens

Question 10

What did Beattie say in his criticism of Zimmerman and West’s Turn Taking Study?

Answer 10

1. They had a very small data sample, one person could throw the results
2. Interruptions don’t always reflect dominance. They can show interest.

Question 11

What did Eakens and Eakens say in their criticism of Zimmerman and West’s Turn Taking Study?

Answer 11

1. Status as well as gender determines whether someone would get interrupted
2. People of a higher status aren’t interrupted as much

Question 12

Who studied delayed minimal responses?

Answer 12

Zimmerman and West

Question 13

What did Zimmerman and West find in their Delayed Minimal Responses Study?

Answer 13

Men used delayed minimal responses and withhold supportive minimal responses in order to silence women

Question 14

Who studied tag Questions?

Answer 14

Pamela Fishman and Janet Holmes

Question 15

What did Pamela Fishman find in her Tag Questions Study?

Answer 15

1. Women use “y’know” five times more than men.
2. Men don’t support women by providing appropriate minimal responses
3. Women have to tag to ask for this support
4. Men do this to silence women

Question 16

What did Janet Holmes find in her study into Tag Questions?

Answer 16

1. Men and Women use the same number of tag questions
2. Men use speaker-oriented tags
3. Women use addressee-oriented tags
4. Men are less supportive speakers than women

Question 17

What is a speaker-oriented tag?

Answer 17

a tag to benefit the speaker

Question 18

What is an addressee-oriented tag?

Answer 18

a tag to benefit the interlocutor

Question 19

Who studied Conversational Shitwork?

Answer 19

Victoria DeFrancisco

Question 20

What did Victoria DeFrancisco find in her Conversational Shitwork study?

Answer 20

Women work harder to keep conversation going.

Question 21

How do women work harder to keep conversations going according to Victoria DeFrancisco?

Answer 21

They:
1. introduce more topics
2. talk more than men
3. work harder at keeping the conversation going

Question 22

Who studied gender and expertise?

Answer 22

Helena Leet-Pelligrini

Question 23

What was the hierarchy of gender and expertise and gender according to Helena Leet-Pelligrini?

Answer 23

1. Male Experts
2. Female Experts and Male Non-Experts
3. Female Non-Experts

Question 24

Who added to the Difference Model?

Answer 24

Deborah Tannen and Deborah Jones

Question 25

What did Deborah Tanned claim talk between women and men is?

Answer 25

Cross-cultural communication

Question 26

What is Rapport Talk?

Answer 26

Talk intended to establish and maintain relationships

Question 27

What is Report Talk?

Answer 27

Talk intended to give information

Question 28

Who uses Rapport Talk?

Answer 28

Women

Question 29

Who uses Report Talk?

Answer 29

Men

Question 30

Who proposed the Binary Opposites?

Answer 30

Deborah Tannen

Question 31

What are Tannen's Five Binary Opposites?

Answer 31

1. Status v Support 2. Independence v Intimacy 3. Advice v Understanding 4. Information v Feelings 5. Orders v Proposals

Question 32

What is Status v Support according to Tannen?

Answer 32

1. Men use language to show power and dominance. 2. Women use language to show support and agree with others

Question 33

What is Independence v Intimacy according to Tannen?

Answer 33

1. Men use language to show they do not need others 2. Women use language for connecting and maintaining closeness with others

Question 34

What is Advice v Understanding according to Tannen?

Answer 34

1. Men offer solutions to a problem 2. Women show empathy and understanding of problems

Question 35

What is Information v Feelings according to Tannen?

Answer 35

1. Men are more factual 2. Women are more emotional

Question 36

What is Orders v Proposals according to Tannen?

Answer 36

1. Men are more direct using imperatives to command 2. Women avoid commands and suggest instead

Question 37

Who suggested there were four categories of women's talk?

Answer 37

Deborah Jones

Question 38

What were Jones' four categories for women's talk?

Answer 38

1. House Talk 2. Scandal 3. Bitching 4. Chatting

Question 39

What is House Talk according to Jones?

Answer 39

The exchange of information and resources connected with the female role as an occupation

Question 40

What is Scandal according to Jones?

Answer 40

Judgement of others, usually about domestic morality, of which women are guardians

Question 41

What is Bitching according to Jones?

Answer 41

The overt expression to other women of anger at women's roles and status in an environment where there anger will be understood and expected

Question 42

What is Chatting according to Jones?

Answer 42

A mutual self-disclosure; a transaction where women use the skills they have learned as part of their job of nurturing others to their own advantage

Question 43

Who did the Courtroom Study?

Answer 43

O'Barr and Atkins

Question 44

What did O'Barr and Atkins find in their Courtroom Study?

Answer 44

Powerful women use Lakoff's features of Women's Language far less than powerless menW

Question 45

What did O'Barr and Atkins claim "Women's Language" should be renamed to?

Answer 45

Powerless language

Question 46

Who studied the "Gender Similarities Hypothesis"?

Answer 46

Janet Hyde

Question 47

What did Janet Hyde find in her "Gender Similarities Hypothesis"?

Answer 47

There are far more similarities between female and male speech than differences

Question 48

Who studied Performative Language?

Answer 48

Deborah Cameron

Question 49

What did Deborah Cameron claim in her Performative Language?

Answer 49

Language is a 'performance', we use it to present ourselves in a chosen way. e.g. male or female, powerful or supportive

Question 50

Who studied Power Tools

Answer 50

Carmen Fought

Question 51

What did Carmen Fought say about young women?

Answer 51

They take linguistic features and use them as power tools for building relationships

Question 52

What did Carmen Fought say was seen as signs of stupidity or immaturity?

Answer 52

1. The use of "like" 2. The use of uptalk (going upwards in intonation at the end)

Question 53

What did fought claim Young Women serve as?

Answer 53

Incubators of vocal trends

Question 54

Who did the Changing Room Study?

Answer 54

Koenraad Kuiper

Question 55

In Koenraad Kuiper's Changing Room Study what did the Rugby team members pay less attention to?

Answer 55

The Face needs of other players. They used insults as a way of expressing solidarity

Question 56

What happened to the players who reacted badly in Kuiper's Changing Room Study?

Answer 56

They were ostracised by the rest of the group

Question 57

What did Kuiper claim in his Changing Room Study?

Answer 57

Insults were a sign of solidarity amongst the group and failing to respond was a sign of fearlessness

Question 58

What are the five Sexist Language features?

Answer 58

1. Gendered Nouns 2. Gratuitous Modifiers 3. Non-Equivalent Parallels 4. Generic Man 5. Generic Pronouns

Question 59

Why are Gendered Nouns considered Sexist Language?

Answer 59

Gender markers imply that the unmarked form is expected and normal and the 'marked other' is deviant. e.g. actress and comedienne (Many gendered nouns are going extinct)

Question 60

Why are Gratuitous Modifiers considered Sexist Language?

Answer 60

They specify unnecessary characteristics showing what characteristics are normally associated with a role. e.g. lady doctor

Question 61

Why are Non-Equivalent Parallels considered Sexist Language?

Answer 61

Female-gendered nouns aren't direct equivalents of the male-gendered version and have extra, pejorative connotations and definitions e.g. master and mistress

Question 62

Why is Generic Man considered Sexist Language?

Answer 62

Using 'man' to mean 'people' negates women's contributions e.g. "man's conquest of space" Often gender-neutral alternatives are now preferred e.g. humanity

Question 63

Why are Generic Pronouns considered Sexist Language?

Answer 63

In Standard English a male pronoun is used if the gender is unknown. e.g. If a worker is late, he will be sacked. Genderless pronouns e.g. 'they' are now common