Pyschology > Gender > Flashcards

Gender Flashcards

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1
Q

Sex

A

Whether an individual is biologically male or female

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2
Q

Gender

A

The social and psychological characteristics of males and females

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3
Q

Sex-role stereotypes

A

Types of qualities and characteristics seen as appropriate for each sex

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4
Q

Female sex-role stereotypes

A

Nurturing, co-operative, domestic, emotional, passive

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5
Q

Male sex-role stereotypes

A

Strong, independent, physical, aggressive, unemotional

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6
Q

Sources of sex-role stereotypes

A

Primary socialisation, school, careers, media, culture,

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7
Q

Seavey (1975)

A

Males and females react differently to a baby according to its perceived gender. Gender is guessed according to perceived strength

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8
Q

Urberg (1982)

A

Told 3-7y.o. children stories. Children learn sex-role stereotypes early on, but they change with age. Children attribute positive characteristics to their own gender

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9
Q

Sood (2014)

A

(UK) 12% primary school teachers are male; 3% nursery teachers are male

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10
Q

Androgyny

A

Co-existence of male and female characteristics within the same individual

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11
Q

Bem (1975)

A

Androgynous hypothesis - androgyny is a positive and desirable condition

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12
Q

Olds (1981)

A

Androgyny is a higher developmental stage

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13
Q

Bem Sex Role Inventory

A

Self-report to measure androgyny. Categorises individuals into; masculine, feminine, androgynous, undifferentiated

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14
Q

Burchardt & Serbin

A

Androgyny is positively correlated with good mental health

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15
Q

Taylor & Hall

A

Masculinity is a better predictor of psychological well-being than androgyny

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16
Q

Chromosomes

A

23 pairs in humans. Carry genetic information. Biological sex is determined by the X and Y chromosomes.

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17
Q

Hormones

A

Chemical messengers that are released into the bloodstream from the glands

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18
Q

Testosterone

A

A steroid hormone that stimulates the development of male secondary sexual characteristics. Produced by male and females. Masculinisation of the brain and male-type behaviours

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19
Q

Young (1966)

A

Injected rats with opposite-sex hormones. Caused irreversible changes in gender-related behaviours.

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20
Q

Testosterone applications

A

Given to men with erectile dysfunction. Given to men and women with low libido

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21
Q

Oestrogen

A

A group of steroid hormones which promote the development and maintenance of female characteristics in the body. Produced by females and males. Feminisation of the brain and female-type behaviours

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22
Q

Albrecht & Pepe (1997)

A

Oestrogen plays a key role in maintaining and promoting pregnancy (baboons)

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23
Q

Oestrogen applications

A

Offers protection to those at risk of stroke or Alzheimer’s. Prevents osteoporosis in post-menopausal women.

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24
Q

Oxytocin

A

A polypeptide hormone which also acts as a neurotransmitter to control key aspects of the reproductive system (childbirth, breastfeeding, sex). Involved in mate selection, nesting, monogamy, pair-bonding, nurturing

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25
Insel (2001)
Oxytocin promotes pair bonding in monogamous species
26
Oxytocin applications
Administered during childbirth to reduce the risk of haemorrhaging. Helps to start and maintain labours. Assists with the secretion of milk
27
Klinefelter's syndrome
XXY males. No facial/pubic hair, excess breast tissue, low muscularity, low fertility. Poor language skills, passive temperament, attention problems, increased risk for anxiety and depression. Occurs during meiosis (not inherited). Treated with testosterone supplements
28
Simpson (2003)
Behavioural and language difficulties resulting from KS could be treated with androgen therapies (e.g. testosterone supplements) and psychological counselling
29
Turner's syndrome
XO females. Short stature, down-slanting eyes, webbed neck, broad chest, moles, organ abnormalities. Non-functioning ovaries, infertility, no/little breast tissue. Medical complications. Treated with growth hormones, oestrogen supplements, and progesterone supplements
30
Quigley (2014)
Oestrogen supplements are beneficial between the ages of 8-12 years and normalise breast development
31
Kohlberg's theory of gender constancy (1966)
Cognitive explanation for gender development. Children develop an understanding of gender in stages. Gender-role behaviour occurs once the child understands that gender is fixed and constant
32
Gender labelling
Stage one (Kohlberg). 1.5-3 years. Gender is used to label and categorise surroundings. Labels may be inaccurate and not constant
33
Gender stability
Stage two (Kohlberg). 3-5 years. Reliance on superficial, physical cues to determine gender. Recognise that gender is retained for life
34
Gender constancy
Stage three (Kohlberg). 6-7 years. Recognise that gender is permanent, remaining the same over time and context
35
Rabban (1950)
Children's thinking about gender changes as they age. Supports Kohlberg
36
Bem's gender schema theory (1981)
At 2-3 years children begin to develop gender schemas, which tell them how to interpret their environment and how to behave. Children's self-perceptions become sex-typed. Seen in toy selection
37
Preschool (gender schema theory)
Distinguish between which activities and behaviours go with each gender through observation and reinforcement
38
4-6 years (gender schema theory)
Subtle and complex associations for child's own gender
39
5-6 years (gender schema theory)
Gender constancy. Gender schema form absolute rules
40
8-10 years (gender schema theory)
Subtle and complex associations for opposite gender
41
Late childhood/early adolescence (gender schema theory)
Understand that gender rules are flexible. Some begin to identify as androgynous
42
Martin & Halverson (1983)
4-5 y.o. children choose toys based on their gender label
43
Freud's psychoanalytic theory of gender
Gender identity and role is acquired during the phallic stage when the focus of the libido moves to the genitals
44
Oedipus complex
Boys have an unconscious sexual desire for their mother, and fear and dislike their father
45
Male identification and internalisation
Boys resolve the Oedipus complex by identifying with the father and internalising his personality, thereby creating a sense of male identity. If a boy does not resolve the complex, he could become homosexual
46
Electra complex
Girls have an unconscious sexual desire for their father and dislike their mother
47
Female identification and internalisation
Girls resolve the Electra complex by identifying with the mother and internalising her personality, thereby creating a sense of female identity. If a girl does not resolve the complex, she will be confused about her sexual identity
48
Little Hans (1909)
Case study that Freud believed supported his Oedipus complex theory
49
Malinowski (1922)
Boys' hostility towards their fathers is a reaction to discipline, rather than a result of sexual jealousy
50
Social learning theory of gender development
Gender develops through observation and imitation of role models. Children take on their parents' gender schemas
51
Block (1979)
Boys are positively reinforced for male-type behaviours and characteristics while girls are positively reinforced for female-type behaviours and characteristics. Supports the influence of parents on gender development
52
Maccoby (1990)
Schoolchildren segregate themselves into same-gender groups. Supports the influence of peers on gender development
53
Media and gender roles
The media portrays males in higher-status roles than females and reinforce traditional gender roles
54
Steinke (2008)
Children's TV programmes portray more male scientists than females
55
Mead (1935)
Cultural differences in gender roles between tribes in Papua New Guinea
56
Barry (1957)
Cross-cultural consistency in gender roles, indicating a biological basis
57
Atypical gender development
Any non-cis gender development
58
Gender dysphoria/gender identity disorder
A condition whereby the internal and external sexual characteristics of the body are different to the psychological experience of one's gender
59
Social explanations for GID
See transgenderism as being learned during socialisation, through both operant conditioning and social learning
60
Biological explanations for GID
See transgenderism as the result of genetics (studied using gene-profiling) and/or hormonal imbalances in the womb and early childhood
61
Hare (2009)
Found a link between gender dysphoria and a variant of the androgen receptor gene
62
Gladue (1985)
Found little hormonal differences between gender dysphoric, heterosexual, and homosexual men, supporting the social explanation
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