what percentage of women are unable to receive bank loans and why?
75%
they are unemployed, have insecure jobs or have no capital as security for banks - property, business or land
what percentage of the world’s wealth do women hold?
1%
what fraction of the worlds illiterate population are women?
2/3
where has preference for male children caused gender imbalance?
China and India
what problems does a gender imbalance cause?
bare branches (more crime esp sexual assault from single men in their thirties)
increase in order brides
fewer women in business
fewer jobs filled in typical women roles - teacher, nurse
lower TFR
what is the attitude to gender in development over time?
1970’s - recognised gender inequality and demanded women to be included in development schemes but didn’t tackle underlying issues such as the cultural influence on women
1980’s - recognised both men and women face disadvantages from the class and wealth distribution
late 1980’s - based on feminist ideas but did consider both sexes, the state needed to support the social reproductive role of women in society
2000’s - focus on rights and trying to change laws which discriminate against women, uses the convention of elimination of all forms of discrimination against women (cedaw) in 1979
why should girls be educated? (5 points)
- enhanced economic development of the area
- education for the next generation
- protection, educated children less likely to be trafficked or exploited as workers
- healthier families, for every extra year of the mother’s education the rate of mortality for under fives, decreases 5-10%
- fewer maternal deaths, for every 1000 women, every extra year of education prevents 2 maternal deaths
what is the ‘double dividend’ of gender equality?
improve the women’s lives and the lives of her children, these children are better educated more health and more able to break out of the cycle of poverty
what is the ‘dual burden’?
women who work are still expected to do the childcare and housework they were doing before employment
Liberia
- when was the women’s union set up?
- what was the money used for?
- who funds it?
- how has this helped them?
- 2009
- to farm 10 hectares of land for veg to sell
- UN development programme and the UN capita; development scheme
- are able to take more loans out and builds self-esteem and status
how has globalization affected gender inequality?
women in developed areas go to work and leave the traditional role of caring for the children and elderly resulting in women from less developing countries becoming nannies, maids or workers in care homes
sweatshops place factories in places where women have a low status so wages are cheaper - long hours (14 in Sri Lanka) cut them off from society
going to work can be a new and liberating experience but only if their employers don’t take advantage
benefits of focusing on gender in development (list 5)
- positive changes in gender relations
- more respectful social attitudes towards women
- more participation in decision making and politics
- women’s increased knowledge of their rights
- girls more likely to stay in school
- reduced violence against women
- support for domestic abuse and STDs
- male doctors know more about female health issues
Kenya - what is the lifetime risk of maternal death? what percentage of women own their land? - what stops women inheriting land? - how many female MPs are there? - what impact does urbanisation have?
- 1/39
- 5%
- cultural barriers
- 22/220
- men move to cities and women are left with the problems of overfarming and deforestation
Japan
- what is the lifetime risk of maternal death?
- female enrollment in secondary school
- what was the birth rate in 1995 and 2008?
- what is expected to happen to the population by 2050?
- 1/12200
- 100%
- 1.54 and 1.29
- drop to 100m
why is it important for women to have political representation?
issues such as domestic abuse, the spread of HIV, maternal mortality and lack of female education tend not be to be discussed
successful female politicians empower other women
the social multiplier - educated women spread knowledge of health, rights etc to others
positive impacts of globalization on women
some people working in TNC compies can afford to send their children to school or girls not just boys
working women gain independence and social lives outside of the home
self-esteem
schemes like microloans are more accessible
more personal freedoms
spread of media with empowered women in it e.g. legally blonde
negative impact of globalization on women
workers can be sacked for marrying, becoming pregnant or getting too old
women’s empowerment has led to fundamnetalism in some places
transnational migrants are mostly women and face racial and sexual abuse
TNC target areas where women have low status because they know they’ll have low paid workers
caring roles in developed countries left by local women and filled by migrants leaving a gap in their home countries
‘feminization of labour’ low pay non-skilled work geared at women
conflict with women from older generations who think they should fill the traditional role
issues faced by women in LIC
gendercide
few rights - divorce controversy in India
lack of land rights - no control over food supply and no independence
lack of sexual rights - Afgan wife starving 2009
