What is sex type?
sex type is a biological fact (behaviour and/or choice is not related to gender)
What are sex-role stereotypes?
They’re socially and/or culturally defined sets of expectations we have about the behaviour of each gender
What is SRY?
Sex determining region Y protein
What is Klinefelter’s syndrome?
a genetic disorder that happens in 1 in every 10,000 males.
males are born with a penis and develop male traits
usually infertile, lack muscular definition, have feminised masculine characteristics
What is Turner’s Syndrome?
a genetic disorder that happens in 1 in 2,000 females
one of their sex chromosomes is damaged or missing
born with vagina + womb but underdeveloped ovaries
no monthly period, physically short built
What is conservation?
refers to the ability to understand, despite superficial changes in appearance, basic properties of an object remain unchanged
What is gender constancy?
is the recognition that gender is constant, not just across your lifetime but also in different situations
What are the symptoms of Turner’s syndrome.
- Underdeveloped ovaries
- No monthly period, physically short/stout build.
- can have a webbed neck, narrow hips, irregular internal organs.
What are the symptoms of Klinefelter’s syndrome.
Usually infertile.
lack muscular definition
have feminised masculine
characteristics. e.g less facial hair, slim jaw and sometimes even breast tissue
What is the default gender of a baby.
Female
State some facts about testosterone
- Produced before birth.
- Brain development is affected by it. e.g when mothers’ levels are elevated from certain medicines. Studies show XX females are “tomboyish” and prefer masculine activities in this case (Berenbaum & Bailey, 2003)
State some facts about Oestrogen.
- Present in all cases - default gender is female.
- It’s associated with smaller brain size (Shi et al., 2015)
- Promotes secondary female characteristics in puberty.
- Controls menstrual cycle through increasing blood flow to the uterus.
- Elevated during pregnancy.
State some facts about Oxytocin.
- Produced in pituitary gland in response to skin-to-skin contact.
- Promotes bonding behaviours.
- Causes milk production.
- Enables post - orgasm bliss
- Helps in wound healing
- Oxytocin dampens flight or fight response in women and is related to “tend and befriend” (Taylor et al, 2000)
What’s the electra complex?
It’s when a girl blames her mother for her lack of a penis (penis envy), but eventually resolves this through a wish to have a baby and comes to identify with her and internalise female gender values.
At what stage does the Electra Complex occur?
Phallic
What’s the Oedipus Complex?
When a boy wishes his father dead because they’re rivals for the mothers love; this leads to anxiety, which is eventually resolved by identifying with the father and internalising the father’s gender identify.
At what stage does the Oedipus Complex occur?
Phallic
Define Pre-operational.
A stage in Piaget’s theory of cognitive development where a child’s logic lacks internal consistency.
Describe Stage 1 of Kohlberg’s theory.
Gender labelling:
- Occurs between the ages of 2 and 3.
- Children label themselves and others as boy and girls. (Based on outward appearance).
- Children will change the labels if the person’s outward appearance change. e.g boy grows long hair now labelled a girl.
Describe the 2nd stage of Kohlberg’s Theory.
Gender stability -
- Occurs at the age of around 4.
- Children realise that gender is consistent over time.
- They don’t understand that gender is also consistent across situations, believing instead that males might change into females if they engage in female activities.
Describe the 3rd stage of Kohlberg’s theory.
Gender Constancy:
- occurs at around the age of six
- come to realise that gender is constant across situations.
- Child starts to learn about gender-appropriate behaviour.
Define Culture
Consensus norms, traditions and morals that are valued by a society.
What is Androgyny?
A combination of male and female characterisitcs.
What is Intersex?
the term used to describe an individual who is neither distinctly male nor female because of mismatch between, e.g chromosome and genitals
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research methods88
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approaches to psychology38
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biopsychology59
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social influences24
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memory39
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attachment46
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psychopathology26
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ISSUES AND DEBATES33
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A2 Research Methods13
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Gender25
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memory studies5
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Case studies (approaches)3
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Schizophrenia38
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research methods A21
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Memory evaluation6
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Social influence evaluation10
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attachment evaluations9
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psychopathology evaluation11
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forensics31
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approaches evaluation6
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attachment not in exam11
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forensics not in exam13
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approaches not in exam16
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biopsychology not in exam6
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research methods eval24
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biopsychology eval9
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schizophrenia eval3
