General, Minimum Q

Question 1

List 3 people who contributed to the development of microbiology

Answer 1

Anton van Leeuwenhoek, Edward Jenner, Joseph Lister, Semmelweis Ignác, Louis Pasteur, Robert Koch, Paul Ehrlich, Alexander Fleming

Question 2

What is the shape and size of bacteria? (3x)

Answer 2

Coccus - 1um, Gram negative rods 2-4 um, Bacillus 5-10 um, Spirochetes 20-
30 um; Rickettsia, Chlamydia 0,5 um

Question 3

What are the most frequently used basic culture media? (2 x)

Answer 3

Nutrient agar, blood agar, chocolate agar

Question 4

What are the most frequently used selective culture media? (2x)

Answer 4

Eosin-methyleneblue culture medium (EMB), Bismuth-sulphite agar, Clauberg agar, Löwenstein-Jensen medium

Question 5

What are the obligate structures of the bacterial cell (3 examples)?

Answer 5

Nucleoid, ribosome, cytoplasm, plasma membrane; outer membrane and
periplasmic space for Gram negaves

Question 6

What are the optional structures of the bacterial cell (3 examples)?

Answer 6

Capsule, pilus, cilia, spore, plasmid

Question 7

What the 4 steps of the replicaon curve of bacteria?

Answer 7

Lag phase, log or exponential phase, stationary phase, declination phase

Question 8

How long does it take for an average bacterium to form colonies on agar plates?

Answer 8

Overnight (16-18 hours)

Question 9

What does sterilizaon mean?

Answer 9

Process of complete eliminaon or destrucon of all forms of microbial life

Question 10

What does disinfecon mean?

Answer 10

Process of reducon of the number of microbes to prevent infecons

Question 11

Which parameters influence the effecvity of the sterilizaon? (3 examples)

Answer 11

• The number of the germs
• The resistance of the germs
• The concentration of the disinfectants
• The inital time
• The presence of the biofilm

Question 12

What are the parameters for hot air sterilizaon?

Answer 12

180°C for 1 hour, 160°C for 2 hours or 140°C for 3 hours.

Question 13

Parameters of the autoclaving process?

Answer 13

+ 1 atm overpressure, 121°C, 20-30 minutes or 134°C, +2 atm overpressure 10
minutes.

Question 14

List chemical agents used for gas sterilizaon! (2 examples)

Answer 14

Ethylene oxide, formaldehyde, beta-propiolactone

Question 15

What is the theoretical background of plasma sterilization?

Answer 15

Hydrogen-peroxide in high electric field turns into plasma state. The produced
free radicals will kill the microbes.

Question 16

Biological method used for checking the effecvity of the sterilizaon.

Answer 16

By Bacillus/Geobacillus stearothermophilus spores. If the procedure was
performed in correct way, the spores cannot be cultivated.

Question 17

Detection of the presence of pyrogenic material in drugs?

Answer 17

LAL test; The blood of the horseshoe crab will coagulate in the presence of the
LPS.

Question 18

What are disinfectants?

Answer 18

Chemical agents used for the disinfecon of inanimate/non-living surfaces.

Question 19

List 2 disinfectant from the provided list!

Answer 19

Isopropanol, NaOH, hypochlorite, phenol, formalin, glutaraldehyde

Question 20

What are the antisepc agents?

Answer 20

Chemical agents used disinfecon on animate (tissue, skin, mucous
membrane) surfaces.

Question 21

List 2 antiseptics from the provided list!

Answer 21

Ethanol, hydrogen peroxide, povidone-iodine, chlorhexidine, cationic detergent

Question 22

What concentraon of ethanol can be used for skin disinfecon?

Answer 22

70%

Question 23

What is the contact time of 70% ethanol used in skin disinfecition?

Answer 23

Minimum of 1 minute

Question 24

What concentration of hydrogen peroxide can be used for disinfection?

Answer 24

3%

Question 25

What does serological reaction mean?

Answer 25

Reaction based on the antigen-anbody reaction performed in vitro.

Question 26

What does agglunaon mean?

Answer 26

Serological reacon in which binding of cellular sized angens (RBCs or bacterium cell) and their specific anbodies results in clumping.

Question 27

Give 2 examples for reacons based on agglunaon (from the list)!

Answer 27

Slide agglunaon, latex agglunaon, tube agglunaon

Question 28

List 2 reacons based on tube agglunaon!

Answer 28

Gruber-Widal reacon, Wright reacon, Weil-Felix reacon

Question 29

Which infecon can be diagnosed by Gruber-Widal reacon?

Answer 29

Typhoid fever caused by Salmonella typhi

Question 30

What are the bacterial cell surface angens?

Answer 30

O: cell wall, H: flagella, K: capsule

Question 31

What does antibody titre mean?

Answer 31

The highest dilution fold or the lowest antibody concentration where in vitro antigen-antibody reaction is still detectable.

Question 32

What does precipitaon mean?

Answer 32

Serological reacon in which binding of dissolved angens (enzyme, toxin or virus parcle) and their specific anbodies results in clumping.

Question 33

What does iatrogenic infecon mean?

Answer 33

Infecon caused by medical staff during invesgaon or treatment.

Question 34

What does nosocomial infecon mean?

Answer 34

Infecons acquired in a health-care facility, manifesng more than 48 hours after admission.

Question 35

What are the contents of the vaccines? (4 examples)

Answer 35

Live aenuated microbe; killed/inacvated microbe, toxoid, mRNA, virus vector, subunit angens of the microbe.

Question 36

What does native examinaon of the microbe mean in microbiology?

Answer 36

The microbe is examined without killing it.

Question 37

What kind of informaon can we got by light microscopically examinaon? (3 examples)

Answer 37

The size of the microbe, the shape of the microbe, the molity, the staining can be examined.

Question 38

What are the solutions used in Gram-staining?

Answer 38

Sodium oxalate, crystal violet, Iodine solution, 96% of ethanol, fuchsine or safranin.

Question 39

What devices are used for anaerobic culvaon? (3 examples)

Answer 39

Anaerostat, Gas-pack jar, high agar, anaerobic chamber.

Question 40

Definions: bacteriostac, bactericide

Answer 40

- bacteriostac: inhibits bacterial growth - bactericide: kills bacteria

Question 41

Definion: selecve toxicity

Answer 41

The anbioc has an effect only on the bacteria, but not on the human host.

Question 42

What are the risks of anbioc therapy? (2 examples)

Answer 42

Allergic reacon, dysbacteriosis, inducon of resistance, direct toxicity

Question 43

Give 3 examples for specific anbioc side effects (from the list)!

Answer 43

Tetracycline – teeth enamel damage, chloramphenicol – bone marrow damage, vancomycin – red man syndrome, streptomycin – hearing loss, rifampin - orange discoloraon of bodily fluids, fluoroquinolones – tendon rupture

Question 44

Chemotherapeuc index?

Answer 44

dosis tolerata maxima (DTM)/dosis curava minima (DCM)

Question 45

List the cell wall synthesis inhibitor anbioc classes! (3 examples)

Answer 45

Penicillin, Cephalosporin, Carbapenem, Glycopepde.

Question 46

List the glycopepde anbiocs! (2 examples)

Answer 46

vancomycin, teicoplanin

Question 47

Which anbiocs alternate membrane funcon?

Answer 47

Polymyxines

Question 48

List protein synthesis inhibitor anbiocs! (3 example)

Answer 48

Aminoglycosides, Tetracycline, Macrolide, Chloramphenicol, Linezolid

Question 49

List nucleic acid synthesis inhibitors anbiocs! (2 examples)

Answer 49

Quinolones, rifampicin, sulphonamide, trimethoprim

Question 50

List three possible ways of horizontal gene transfer!

Answer 50

conjugaon (plasmid), transducon (bacteriophage), transformaon (uptake of naked DNA from the environment)

Question 51

List the antibiotic resistance mechanism! (3 examples)

Answer 51

Enzymatic degradation or modification of the antibiotics, efflux pump, modification of the antibiotic binding site

Question 52

What does MRSA mean?

Answer 52

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

Question 53

How is MRSA treated?

Answer 53

Eg. Vancomycin, 5th generaon cephlosporin

Question 54

What does ESBL mean?

Answer 54

Extended spectrum of beta lactamase enzyme

Question 55

How are ESBL producing bacterial infecons treated?

Answer 55

Eg. Carbapenem

Question 56

How are carbapenemase producing bacteria treated?

Answer 56

Eg. Polymyxin (colistin)

Question 57

What does MIC mean?

Answer 57

Minimal bacteriostac concentraon of an anbioc measured in µg/ml.

Question 58

What does MBC mean?

Answer 58

Minimal bactericidal concentraon of an anbioc measured in µg/ml.

Question 59

Define MBL, MACI and PACI!

Answer 59

- MBL: metallo-beta-lactamase (carbapenemase) - MACI: mul-resistant Acinetobacter - PACI: pan-resistant Acinetobacter

Question 59

Which 3 vaccines contain capsular polysaccharide of bacteria?

Answer 59

- Hib (against Haemophilus influenzae type b) - Prevenar / Pneumovax (against 13 / 23 serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae) - Meningococcus vaccines against serotypes ACWY – but not B!

Question 60

What type of immunity is induced by the BCG vaccine?

Answer 60

Cellular, therefore it can be given to newborns

Question 61

What specimen is sent to the microbiology diagnosc laboratory in the case of typical pneumonia?

Answer 61

Sputum and blood culture

Question 62

What tests are performed on the sputum and blood culture of a paent with typical pneumonia? (3 examples)

Answer 62

Cultivation, Gram staining, biochemical reacons, serology for antigen detection, antibiotic sensivity tesng

Question 63

What specimen is sent to the microbiology diagnosc laboratory in the case of atypical pneumonia? (3 examples)

Answer 63

Blood, urine, broncho-alveolar lavage.

Question 64

What tests are performed on the specimens of a paent with atypical pneumonia?

Answer 64

Serology tests

Question 65

Which bacterial infection can be treated by antoxin? (2 examples)

Answer 65

Infections caused by bacterial exotoxins: tetanus, botulism, diphtheria