1
Q
Types of collag n
A
<img></img>
2
Q
Collagen and disease
A
<img></img>
3
Q
Ehler danlos syndrome
A
<img></img>
4
Q
Hallmarks
A
<img></img>
5
Q
Oncogene
A
<img></img>
6
Q
Oncogene 2
A
<img></img>
7
Q
Myc and stemmness
A
<img></img>
8
Q
Cdkn2a deletion seen in
A
<img></img>
9
Q
Cell cycl components and inhibitions to n normal and cancers
A
<img></img><br></br><img></img>
10
Q
Rb gene located at
A
13q14
11
Q
P53 located at
A
17p13
12
Q
Apc gene
A
5q21
13
Q
Wnt pathway
A
<img></img>
14
Q
Apc is a _______ regulator of beta catenin
A
Negative
15
Q
Beta catenin acts as a protooncoprotein
A
True
16
Q
CDH1 gene encodes
A
Classical cadherin
17
Q
Both tumor suppressor and oncogene?
A
Wt1
18
Q
Vhl
A
<img></img>
19
Q
Tumor suppressor gene table
A
<img></img>
20
Q
Telomeres are tandem repeats of
A
TTAGGG
21
Q
Cancer stem cells
A
<img></img>
22
Q
Inhibitors of tumor angiogenesis
A
VHL<br></br>NOTCH<br></br>P53<br></br>SIRTUIN<br></br>THROMBOSPONDIN 1<br></br>ANGIOSFATIN
23
Q
Inhibitors of tumor cell invasiveness
A
Nm23-H1<br></br>P64<br></br>NOTCH
24
Q
Inhibitors of metastatic colonization <br></br>
A
KISS1 AND KISS1R
25
Mhc gene
Chromosome 6p21.3
26
Difference between mhc 1 and 2
27
Minor histocompatibility antigens are
HA1, HA2, HB1 and CD19
28
Role of minor histocompatibility antigen
Immunotherapy of leukaemia
Corneal allograft rejection
Secondary recurrent marriage
Corneal allograft rejection
Secondary recurrent marriage
29
Test for detecting hla
30
HLA AND DISEASE
31
HLA and disease
32
Most vasoactive leukotriens
Leukotriene C4 and D4
33
Type 1hypersensiticity mechanism
34
Examples of type 2 hypersensitivity reaction
35
Examples of type 3 hypersensitivity reaction
36
GERMLINE LOSS of autoimmune regulator protein(AIRE)
APS1, autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type 1
37
Mutation in FOXP3 (REGULATOR OF T REGULATORY CELLS)
IPEX - immune dysregilstion, polyendocrinopathy, enteropathy, x linked
38
Non hla genes associated in autoimmune diseases
39
Antibodies in sle
40
Pattern of antinuclear antibody staining
41
HLA of sjogren syndrome
HLA DQA1*0501 ALLELE
42
Chemical forms of amyloid
43
Classification of amyloidosis
44
IgE does not fix
Complement
45
Bruton agammaglobulinemia
46
Hyper IgM syndrome
47
Isolated igA deficiency
48
Immunoglobulin chromosome
49
Disorders is innate immunity of phagocytosis and leukocyte
50
Mutations in autosomal recessive SCID
1. Adenosine deaminase
2. Recombinase activating gene(RAG)
3. JAK3
2. Recombinase activating gene(RAG)
3. JAK3
51
Digeorge syndrome chromosome
22q11 deletion
52
Bare lymphocyte syndrome
Mhc class ii deficiency
53
APOBEC3G
54
Opportunistic infection in aids
55
Cd4 count and opportunistic infection
56
Mitochondrial inheritance example
57
Genomic imprinting
58
Tribucleotide repeat disorder
59
Autosomal dominant examples
60
Examples of autosomal recessive disorder
61
Molecular basis of mendelian disorders
62
Mitotic spindle inhibitor used in karyotyping
N diacetyl n methylcolchicine
63
Types of chromosome staining
64
Genomic imprinting
65
Fibrillin what are they
66
Fibrillin and tgf beta In marfan syndrome
Fibrillin reduced the bioavailability of tgf beta
67
Aorta in marfan histology
Cystic medial necrosis
68
Necrosis and aproptpsis in relation the cell size
Apoptosis cause cell shrinkage, whole necrosis causes cell swelling
69
Smac , diablo
Neutralise the cytoplasmic inhibitors of apoptosis
70
Inhibitor of extrinsic pathway of apoptosis
FLIP (FADD like IL 1Beta converting enzyme)
71
Bcl2 family in apoptosis
72
Executional caspases
Caspase 3 ,6,7
Initiating caspase for intrinsic pathway-caspase 9
Initiating caspase for extrinsic pathway-caspase 8
Initiating caspase for intrinsic pathway-caspase 9
Initiating caspase for extrinsic pathway-caspase 8
73
Initiation pathway of apoptosis
74
Execution pathway of apoptosis
75
Mechanism of necroptosis
76
Mechanism of pyroptosis
77
Mechanism of anoikis
Anoikis is a form of programmed cell death (apoptosis) triggered when anchorage-dependent cells detach from the surrounding extracellular matrix (ECM). It is a critical, physiological mechanism that maintains tissue homeostasis by preventing detached cells from surviving and inappropriately attaching elsewhere. Failure of this mechanism leads to anoikis resistance
78
NETosis
79
Steps in autophagy
80
Glutathione in free radical
81
Scavengers of free radical
82
ER stress
83
Types of proteasome
84
Ubiquitinsation is catalysed by
E3 ligases
85
20S proteosome is for
Oxidised proteins
86
26S proteosome is for
Ubiquitinsed proteins
Proteasomes are large, ATP-dependent, multi-subunit protein complexes that function as the primary machinery for degrading misfolded, damaged, or unneeded proteins in eukaryotic cells, archaea, and some bacteria. They maintain protein homeostasis (proteostasis) by breaking down proteins tagged with ubiquitin into small peptides
The eukaryotic proteasome (often the 26S complex) consists of two main parts:
20S Core Particle (CP): A barrel-shaped, hollow structure containing the active catalytic sites where protein degradation occurs.
19S Regulatory Particle (RP): A "cap" on one or both ends that recognizes polyubiquitinated proteins, unfolds them using ATP, and feeds them into the 20S core.
Proteasomes are large, ATP-dependent, multi-subunit protein complexes that function as the primary machinery for degrading misfolded, damaged, or unneeded proteins in eukaryotic cells, archaea, and some bacteria. They maintain protein homeostasis (proteostasis) by breaking down proteins tagged with ubiquitin into small peptides
The eukaryotic proteasome (often the 26S complex) consists of two main parts:
20S Core Particle (CP): A barrel-shaped, hollow structure containing the active catalytic sites where protein degradation occurs.
19S Regulatory Particle (RP): A "cap" on one or both ends that recognizes polyubiquitinated proteins, unfolds them using ATP, and feeds them into the 20S core.
87
Disease associated with protein aggregation
88
Two families of chaperones
Hsp70 and hsp60
89
Mechanism of hsp70
90
Mechanism of hsp60
91
Anti inflammatory molecules
92
Localisation od prp(pattern recognition receptors)
93
Toll like receptors
94
Inflammasome comprises of
1. Sensor(nod like receptors)
2.caspase 1
3. Adaptor molecule that links the sensor and caspase 1
2.caspase 1
3. Adaptor molecule that links the sensor and caspase 1
95
Inflammasome
96
Rolling and adhesion mediator
97
Integrins in endothelial leukocyte interaction
98
Arachidonic acid metabolism
99
Complement pathway
100
Regulators of complement
101
Macrophage activation pathway
102
Subset of cd4 cells
103
Acute phase reactant
104
Anti inflammatory acute phase proteins
Fibrinogen
Serum amyloid A
Alpha 1 antitrypsin
Alpha 2 macroglobulin
Cerruloplasmin
Haptoglobin
Thrombopoietin
Serum amyloid A
Alpha 1 antitrypsin
Alpha 2 macroglobulin
Cerruloplasmin
Haptoglobin
Thrombopoietin
105
Klienfelter vs turner syndrome
106
Chemical carinogens
107
Pathogenesis of human t cell leukaemia virus
Tax gene and HBZ gene 
108
Hpv oncogenesis
109
Ebv latency
110
Molecular basis of b cell immortalization in ebv
111
Tumors caused by ebv
112
Tumor markers
113
Risk factor in sids
114
Ida vs anaemia of chronic disease
115
Pcr and their temperatures
116
Variations of pcr
117
Sanger sequencing
118
Pyrosequencing
119
Ngs steps
120
Sanger vs ngs
121
Single base primer extension
122
Sure path steps
123
thin prep steps
124
difference between thinprep and surepath system
125
liquid based cytology vs conventional cytology
126
WSI types of image acquisition
127
Examples of automation system in cytology
128
examples of automation of cytology with molecular diagnosis
129
quality control in cytology
130
Bethesda 2023 thyroid table
131
BEthesda thyroid ROM,
132
Ancillary test in aus
133
Niftp diagnosis in Bethesda
134
Okcocytic follicilar neoplasm bethesda
135
AUS
136
Milan ROM group
137
update in milan 2023.
138
AUS milan
139
SUMP milan
140
Suspicious for malignqncy milan
141
Bethesda and milan rom
142
ROHM paris urine
143
Paris approach
Low grade urothelial carcinoma is considered as negative for high grade urothelial carcinoma category
144
Adequacy in Paris cytology
145
update on paris
146
Molecular testing in urine cytology
147
Yokohoma breast cytology
148
Hypercoagulable states
149
Gurd and wilson criteria for fat embolism
150
Major factors contributing to septic shock
151
Pathogenesis of septic shock
152
Morphological features of shock
153
Ischaemic preconditioning
154
MECHANISM OF REPERFUSION INJURY
155
Two pathways of RAS
1. MAPK Cascade( RAF/ERK/MAP Kinase pathway)
2. PI3K/AKT pathways
2. PI3K/AKT pathways
156
Tgf beta pathway
Smad---- small mother against decapentaplegic
157
PTCH
PTCH is negative regulator of hedgehog signalling pathway
158
Resisting cell death
159
Telomeres and senescence
160
Angiogenesis
161
Metastasis motility
Hematopoiesis: Key to holding hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow.
HIV: Used by CXCR4-tropic HIV-1 strains to infect T-cells.
Development: Involved in organogenesis, including the development of the nervous system and hea
Pathologies: Mutations in the CXCR4 gene cause WHIM syndrome, a rare primary immunodeficiency.
162
Theories of metastasis development
163
Cellular changes in EMT
164
Mechanism of idh in cancer
165
Idh mutation seen in
166
Peripheral t cell tolerance
167
What are t reg cells
168
Immune checkpoint therapy
169
Paraneoplastic syndromes
170
Basement membrane
171
Bcr abl protein
172
Prognosis of multiple myeloma
173
Approach to uemoglobinipathies
174
Neuronal markers
MAP2, neurofilament, chromogranin, synaptophysin.
175
Memory bcells
Cd27 positive
176
B cell ontogeny
177
NLPHL patterns
178
NLPHL ihc
Frcpath Histopathology
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