General Points

Question 1

What are the normal observations for a child that is 0-2?
HR
RR
Urine output

Answer 1

• HR 100-160bpm
• RR 25-40
• urine output 1.5-2ml/kg/hr

Question 2

What are the normal observations for a child that is 3-5?
HR
RR
Urine output

Answer 2

• HR 90-140
• RR 25-30
• urine output 1ml/kg/hr

Question 3

What are the normal observations for a child that is 6-12?
HR
RR
Urine output

Answer 3

• HR 80-120
• RR 20-25
• urine output 0.5-1ml/kg/hr

Question 4

For paeds BLS what is an infant + what is a child?

Answer 4

Infant <1
Child >1 until onset of puberty

Question 5

Compression:ventilation ratio in paeds BLS

Answer 5

Lay people 30:2
Healthcare professionals 15:2

Question 6

Where should you check for pulse in infant vs child in paeds BLS?

Answer 6

Infant - brachial or femoral
Child - femoral or carotid

Question 7

What is the chest compression rate for paeds BLS?

Answer 7

100-120bpm

Question 8

Depth of compressions in infants vs children in paeds BLS

Answer 8

at least 1/e of chest diameter
~ 4cm in infants
~ 5 cm in children

Question 9

Chest compression technique of BLS in children

Answer 9

Compress lower half of sternum using one or two hands depending on size of child

Question 10

Compression technique in BLS of infants

Answer 10

Two thumb encircling technique
If not possible, use fingers on lower half of sternum

Question 11

What position should an infant be put in if unresponsive?

Answer 11

neutral position

Question 12

What position should a child be put in if unresponsive?

Answer 12

‘Sniffing morning air’ position by head tilt chin lift
Jaw thrust if suspected neck injury

Question 13

Order of paediatric BLS

Answer 13

• ensure safety
• check responsiveness
• shout for help
• open airway
• look, listen + feel for normal breathing
• 5 rescuer breaths
• if not possible signs of life, commence CPR
• 15:2 ratio
• chest compressions ate of 100-120bpm

Question 14

Maintenance fluids in paediatrics

Answer 14

• 100ml/kg/day for first 10kgs
• 50ml/kg/day for second 10kgs
• 20ml/kg/day for every kg after
• divide by 24 to work out ml per hour

Question 15

How do you calculate perfect angle dehydration by weight of a child?

Answer 15

)Weight loss (kg) / well weight) x 100

Question 16

How to calculate a fluid deficit?

Answer 16

Fluid deficit(ml) = % dehydration x weight(kg) x 10

Question 17

How to work out total fluid replacement needed in children?

Answer 17

Maintence fluids + fluid deficit

Question 18

What is the name of the way maintenance fluids are worked out in children?

Answer 18

Holliday-Segar formula

Question 19

What are the categories of % dehydration?

Answer 19

5% - mild/moderate
10% severe or shocked

Question 20

Resuscitation fluids in children

Answer 20

0.9% sodium chloride as statu bolus of 10ml/kg over <10 mins

Question 21

When may children need smaller resuscitation fluid blouses?

Answer 21

• neonatal period
• DKA
• septic shock
• trama
• cardiac pathology e.g. heart failure

Question 22

How is maternal mortality rate calculated?

Answer 22

Deaths in pregnancy, labour and 6 weeks after divided by total maternities x 1000

Question 23

How is stillbirth rate calculated?

Answer 23

Babies born dead after 24 weeks / total births (live + stillborn) x1000

Question 24

How do you calculate neonatal death rate?

Answer 24

(Babies dying between 0-28 days / total live births) x 1000