General Principles

Question 1

The frequency and pattern of health events in a population

Answer 1

Distribution (think about a line graph or spot/area map)

Question 1

The evaluation of the distribution by person, place and time factors

Answer 1

Descriptive epidemiology

Question 2

The causes and other factors that influence the occurrence of health-related events

Answer 2

Determinants of Disease

Question 3

The WHY and HOW of what causes disease is known as:

Answer 3

Analytical Epidemiology

Question 4

**Name the 5 goals of epidemiology:

Answer 4

1. Identify and explain the etiology or the cause of a disease/condition/disorder/death/health outcome, and the risk factors associated with it.
2. Determine the extent or burden of disease in a community. This is essential for planning health services.
3. Study the natural history and prognosis of a disease, which will lead the efforts for intervention.
4. Evaluate both existing and new preventative and therapeutic measures, and modes of health delivery
5. Provide the foundation for public health policy development and making regulatory decisions related to occupational and environmental problems.

Question 5

**The study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in specified populations, and the application of this study to control health problems

Answer 5

Epidemiology- def by John Last

Question 6

Name the 3 components of the epidemiologic triad

Answer 6

1. Host
2. Agent
3. Environment

Question 7

A component of the epidemiological triad, this is generally a susceptible human or animal

Answer 7

Host

Question 8

A component of the epidemiological triad, a microorganism, such as a bacteria, virus, fungi or parasite.

Answer 8

Agent

Question 9

A component of the epidemiological triad, this includes factors such as air, water, soil, and healthcare equipment that can provide a place for microbes to hibernate or live w/o causing disease

Answer 9

Environment

Question 10

A vehicle or form of transmission of the agent, such as a bat who carries rabies, or the contaminated hands of a healthcare worker

Answer 10

Vector

Question 11

The first person to record his theories of disease which he attributed illness to the climate, soil, water, mode of life, and nutrition

Answer 11

Hippocrates

Question 12

This man coined the terms ENDEMIC and EPIDEMIC DISEASE

Answer 12

Hippocrates

Question 13

Considered to be the father of medicine

Answer 13

Hippocrates

Question 14

This man said:

1. “A good physician must familiarize himself w/a new work place or community”: environment and people.
2. The importance of both PREVENTION and TREATMENT
3. Observation of all contributing factors to disease
4. Consider the inhabitants mode of life (drinking, eating, activity level, industriousness)

Answer 14

Hippocrates

Question 15

He first proposed 3 modes of transmission of contagious disease:

1. direct contact (person to person)
2. contact w/FOMITES (contaminated articles/objects)
3. Through the air

Answer 15

Gilolamo Fracastoro

Question 16

Gilolamo Fracastoro proposed these 3 modes of transmission of contagious disease:

Answer 16

1. Direct contact from one person to another
2. Contact w/fomites (contaminated objects)
3. Through the air

Question 17

He believed disease was transmitted by seeds and influenced by astrology.

Answer 17

Gilolamo Fracastoro

Question 18

He created a study to test the effectiveness of dietary supplements on scurvy patients (cider, vinegar, seawater, garlic, oranges, lemons)

Answer 18

James Lind (Matt LINDland’s ugly lemon head)

Question 19

His study used the TRUE EPIDEMIOLOGIC APPROACH, observing the effect of person, place, time on the development and spread of disease

Answer 19

James Lind

Question 20

He observed that milk maids developed a mild form of disease similar to smallpox, called “cowpox”. These maids seemed to be immune to smallpox during epidemics.

Answer 20

Edward Jenner

Question 21

He performed the first vaccine clinical trial

Answer 21

Edward Jenner

Question 22

This boy was the first to be inoculated with _____ and developed immunity to smallpox 6 weeks later

Answer 22

James Phipps, inoculated w/cowpox

Question 23

AKA vaccination, this term is defined as the intentional inoculation of healthy people w/a disease to induce immunity

Answer 23

Variolation

Question 24

He discovered that the incidence of puerperal fever (childbed fever; strep B infection) could be drastically cut by the use of hand disinfection in obstetrical clinics in Vienna, Austria.

Answer 24

Ignaz Semmelweis

Question 25

He concluded the hands of the MDs and med students were contaminated from doing autopsies and were spreading infection when they would later go to the clinic to examine women in labor.

Answer 25

Ignaz Semmelweis

Question 26

His intervention to prevention infection involved a hand scrub w/a chlorinated lime solution

Answer 26

Ignaz Semmelweis

Question 27

Founder of the "germ theory"

Answer 27

Louis Pasteur

Question 28

He is the father of MODERN epidemiology

Answer 28

John Snow

Question 29

His work involved tracing the source of the Broad Street Cholera outbreak in Soho, England by using basic outbreak investigation techniques

Answer 29

John Snow

Question 30

He developed the theory of disease transmission through MIASMA (cloud, or poisonous gas)

Answer 30

William Farr (Farrt Gas)

Question 31

He was the first to believe WATER could be a source of transmission

Answer 31

John Snow

Question 32

He was the first to use geographical spacing to display epidemiological data.

Answer 32

John Snow (able to show water pump access points led to spread of cholera)

Question 33

The first to conduct SURVEILLANCE over time and observed excess deaths unrelated to wounds from the Crimean War

Answer 33

Florence Nightingale

Question 34

Reported that SANITATION of the filed infirmaries had a direct impact on mortality

Answer 34

Florence Nightingale

Question 35

First to coin the term "public health nursing" and founded the Henry Street Settlement, and an early advocate for nursing in schools

Answer 35

Lillian Wald

Question 36

She established Frontier Nursing Services in the Appalachian Mountains of Eastern Kentucky

Answer 36

Mary Breckenridge (beautiful RIDGES of Appalachian Kentucky)

Question 37

The _____ of an infectious agent is the habitat in which the agent normally lives, grows, and multiplies. This can include humans, animals, and the environment.

Answer 37

Reservoir