General References

Question 1

Shared-Decision Making

Answer 1

Grenfell et al., 2022 (systematic review)

• 4 main themes trust, communication, decision preferences and decision ability
• Majority of people want to participate in SDM
• Utilise 2-way communication, share power, collaborative relationship, knowing and understanding all options, values and preferences

Question 2

Biopsychosocial Model

Answer 2

Cormack et al., 2022 (review)

• BPSM is only partially implemented in physiotherapy
• Biological, psychological and social levels must be taken into account in every healthcare task
• Cake analogy, the cake is the person’s experience, the flour, eggs, salt, and baking powder represent the local processes and how sociocultural context influences psychological and physiological processes

Question 3

Patient-Specific Function Scales

Answer 3

Horn et al., 2012

• Construct validity 0.74
• Test re-test reliability 0.84
• Shown to facilitate patient-centred care
• Identify activities they are having difficulty performing and rate them on a scale of 0-10

Question 4

Oxford Grading Scale

Answer 4

Cuthbert 2007

• Muscle strength scale from 0-6 (0 = no contraction, 1 = 1 visible contraction no mvmt, 2 = mvmt but no gravity, 3 = mvmt against gravity, 4 = mvmt gravity and some resistance, 5 = mvmt gravity and full resistance)
• Validity = moderate (0.63) criterion when compared to HHD for Neuro Muscular Disease patients
• Reliability = good intra-rater reliability (0.95) moderate inter-rater (0.68)
  Very feasible (no equipment required)

Question 5

Numerical Pain Rating Scale

Answer 5

Haefeli et al., 2006

• NPRS well documented high pain correlations with other pain assessment tools such as the VRS
• Feasibility of its use and compliance have been proven by Closs et al., 2004 and Farrar et al., 2001
  ○ Both studies were published in the Pain Journal 7.9 IF

Question 6

Pain Verbal Rating Scale

Answer 6

Alghadir et al., 2022

• Validity: good-to-excellent construct when compared to VAS (ICC = 0.88) and NRS (0.93).
• Reliability: Excellent Test-Retest reliability (0.93)
• Feasibility: Excellent. Easy to integrate into practice and requires no special charts, unlike alternatives.

Question 7

Value-Based Care

Answer 7

Cook et al., 2021

• recognize the needs of each patient are different
• use patient decisions to support tools (this improves the therapeutic relationship and builds rapport)
• patient experiences and outcomes (PROMs capture the interaction of the patient within the healthcare setting and help to identify if their needs are being met)
• guideline-orientated care
• patient-centredness
• cost-effectiveness