Year 1 > Genes > Flashcards

Genes Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a promoter gene?

A

Sequence of genes at the start of the strand which are triggered to start transcription.

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2
Q

What is an enhancer gene?

A

Sequence of genes which can be triggered to increase the rate of transcription

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3
Q

What is the terminator gene>

A

Sequence of genes at the end of the DNA strand which stop transcription

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4
Q

What is retrotranscription?

A

Conversion of RNA to DNA

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5
Q

Which microbes use retrotranscription?

A

Viruses insert viral RNA into the host cell which produces Viral DNA via retro transcription

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6
Q

What is nuclear DNA?

A

16,600bp of linear DNA inherited from both parents contained within the nucleus

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7
Q

What is mitochondrial DNA?

A

32bp of circular DNA maternally inherited

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8
Q

What is the order of genetic material in the body?

A

gene< DNA< chromatin< chromosomes

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9
Q

What is the structure of chromatin?

A

Chromatin is composed of nucleosomes- 146bp of two DNA strands wrapped around a histone protein core separated by linker DNA of 72bp.

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10
Q

What makes up the majority of nuclear mass?

A

Chromatin

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11
Q

What are the forms of chromatin?

A

Euchromatin which is less dense
Heterochromatin which is more dense

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12
Q

Which chromatin is used in transcription?

A

Euchromatin

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13
Q

What are telomeres?

A

Ends of DNA to prevent damage during replication

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14
Q

What is the long arm of chromosome?

A

Q arm

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15
Q

What is the short arm of the chromosome?

A

p arm

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16
Q

What is transcription?

A

The use of DNA template strand to create an RNA copy, initiated by RNA polymerase

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17
Q

What are distal control elements?

A

Regulatory genes

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18
Q

What are transcription factors?

A

Control the rate of transcription

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19
Q

What is the role of the preinitiation complex?

A

To orientate RNA polymerase to the target DNA site

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20
Q

Which direction does RNA polymerase add nucleotides?

A

5’ to 3’ end

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20
Q

What does the majority of the genome code for?

A

Structural proteins, regulatory proteins, junk DNA

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21
Q

How do transcription factors repress transcription?

A

Causes deacetylation of histone protein which increases binding regions for DNA to associate more strongly

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22
Q

How do transcription factors increase transcription rate?

A

Causes acetylation of histone protein which weakens DNA associations for RNA polymerase access. Also recruits distal control elements to bind to the enhancer genes

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23
Q

What is a primary transcript?

A

The mature RNA strand of only exons

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24
What is splicing and where does it occur?
Removal of introns from conserved sequences
25
What is the process of splicing?
Cleavage of introns by enzymes which moves downstream to form a lariat loop which is excised
26
What is alternative splicing?
Differences in splicing due to cell type, differentiation
27
How is mature RNA stabilised?
Polyadenylation of 100-600 bases on 3' end and cap added to 5' end via guanyl transferase enzyme to replace triphosphate group
28
What are the common post translational modifications?
phosphorylation and glycosylation
29
How is RNA regulated?
microRNA and long non-coding RNA (over 200 bases long)
30
What is the function of the small and large ribosomal subunits?
small- binding of tRNA and mRNA long- catalyses the addition of polypeptide
31
What is the function of TRNA?
Transfer of amino acids to the anticodon
32
What happens after stop codon is reached?
Releasing factor is excreted which causes disassembling of the ribosome
33
What is the difference in translation between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
Prokaryotes use tRNA for protein synthesis instead of ribosomes
34
Why is the antibiotic tetracyclin prescribed?
antibiotic by preventing association of tRNA with ribosome
34
Why is the antibiotic chloramphenicol prescribed?
antibiotic which blocks bacterial ribosome from binding
35
What is secondary structure?
folding of protein in alpha helix and beta pleated sheets due to h bonds
36
What is the quarternary structure?
3d structure of a protein due to the
37
What are homologous chromosomes?
identical chromosomes
38
How long is cell division?
24 hours
39
Function of G2 Phase?
protein replication, cell grows in size
40
How does the centromere attach to chromosomes?
via the kinetechore, a complex of centromeric proteins
41
What is the order of mitosis?
prohase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
42
What occurs during prophase?
chromosomes supercondese, centrosomes produce spindle threads that move to opposite cell poles
43
What are centrosomes?
organelles that produce tubulin which form microtubules in an orientation that forms spindle threads
44
What occurs during prometaphase?
45
Where are spindle threads produced in the cell?
46
Why is fluorouracil prescribed?
46
Why is fluorouracil prescribed?
47
Process of thymine synthesis?
48
Why is methotrexate prescribed?
49
Process of folate synthesis?
50
Why is vinblastine prescribed?
51
Why is paclitaxel prescribed?
52
Why is cyclophosphoamide prescribed?
53
Why is cyclosporin prescribed?
53
Why is tacrolimus prescribed?
54
Why is sacrolimus prescribed?
55
What are the cytostatic drugs?
56
What is karyotype and what is it used for?
57
What are the types of centromeric abnormalities?
58
Why are RBCs separated from the rest of the blood sample when obtaining patient karyotype?
59
How do we prevent progression from metaphase during karyotyping?
60
How can we idenfity homologous chromosomes?
61
Give examples of sex abnormality conditions
62
Give example of autosmal recessive conditions
63
Give example of autosomal dominant condition
64
Give examples of X linked inheritance?
65
WHat is chromosomal disjunction and the conditions associated with it?
66
What is the function of the CFTR gene?
67
What are the classes of cystic fibrosis?
68
What is a nonsense mutation?
69
What is a missense mutation?
70
What is repeat expansion mutation?
71
What is a truncated protein?
72
What is polymorphism?
73
What should medical professionals consider for patients with genetic conditions?
74
What is PCR?
75
What is a microsatellite?
76
What is a single nucleotide repeat?
77
What are examples of genetic polymorphism in the population?
78
What is the human leukocytic antigen?
79
What can we use polymorphism for?
80
How do restriction enzymes identify sickle cell?
81
What are genetic maps?
82
What is genetic recombination?
83
What is the Hardy- Wenburg principle in non-evolving population?
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