Genetic Mutations

Question 1

Wild type

Answer 1

‘normal’ original DNA seqeunce (not mutant)

Question 2

Spontaneuous Mutation

Answer 2

Occur without cuase or external agents mistake in DNA replication

Question 3

Induced Mutation

Answer 3

Caused by exposure to a mutagen (can be physical or chemicla thatt increases frequency of mutations by at least 1000 fold)

Question 4

Point Mutation

Answer 4

Single Base Change

Question 5

Silent Mutation

Answer 5

Change in DNA but no change in AA (agg to cgg, but both still code for arginine) POINT MUTATION

Question 6

Neutral Mutation

Answer 6

Point mutation chnages the amino acid but does not chnage the protein function

Question 7

Missense Mutation

Answer 7

point chnage thatt chnages the amino acid and DOES affect protein function

Question 8

Frameshift mutation

Answer 8

Addition or deletion of base pairs that chnages how the codons are read.

Question 9

Nonsense mutation

Answer 9

Change in codon thatt chnages it from an amino acid to an early stop codon

Question 10

Base analog

Answer 10

similar to bases but pair differntly than the actual nucleotide (could replace the binding base pair (say it can bind to A or G) and could cause mutation when the wrong one is insterted)

adenine usually pairs with thymine but the 5bu binds. the 5 bu when it undergoes second replication can also bind to Guanine and thatt insertion of guanine results in mutation

Question 11

DNA modifying agent

Answer 11

Changes the base’s structure, which chnages its base pairing behvaior or specificity

Question 12

Alkylating group adds a methyl to guanine. what type of mutation or mutagen is this?

Answer 12

DNA modifying agent

Question 13

Intercalating agents

Answer 13

Gets between the DNA bases causing distortions in DNA and causes frameshift mutations (usually by insertion rather than deletion)

Question 14

Radiation

Answer 14

Causes damage to DNA that prevents replication
UV - THYMINE DIMERS bond between adjacent thymines

Question 15

Auxotroph

Answer 15

mutant thatt differs from the wild type in one trait and cannot grown on minimal media

Question 16

Prototroph

Answer 16

wild type - normal organism can grow on minimal media

Question 17

in what case does an auxotroph revert to a prototroph

Answer 17

An auxotroph that needs soemthing to grow will mutate back to prototroph (in the presence of a mutagen) because those dont need nutrients to grow

Question 18

MF greater than or equal to 2

Answer 18

Likely Mutagen

Question 19

How to calculate MF. what do the numbers mean?

Answer 19

Test colonies/ control (no mutagen added). if its greater than two its a likely mutagen

Question 20

Repair of Mutations

Answer 20

Proofreading: druing DNA replication DNA pol I and II remove and repair mistakes

Excision Repair: Endonucleases can identify and remove up to 12 base pairs. DNA POL I fills gaps and DNA ligase reforms those bonds

Photoreactivity: FINISH

Question 21

Antibiotic resistance caused by:

Answer 21

Spontaneuous mutations

Question 22

Induction

Answer 22

The cell will only make a CATABOLIC enzyme when a specific nutrient or molecule is present. when it is absent the the operator will be blocked, blocking transcription (the gene is turned off)

Question 23

Repression

Answer 23

When an protein is present, we dont make the ANABOLIC enzymes to make that protein. When the protein is absent the anabolic enzyme will be produced so thatt we can make that protein

Question 24

Corepressor

Answer 24

Product of the enzyme thatt activates the repressor so thatt we are continuing to make the enzyme and the product

Question 25

Allosteric Regulation

Answer 25

Enzyme is already made. Effector molecule (positive OR negative) when it binds to the allosteric site on the enzyme chnages the active site (different from allosteric site) and increase or decreases substrate binding (respectively)

Question 26

Covalent Regulation

Answer 26

Regulation: addition of a group to an enzyme thatt (does not bind to a specific site) increases (positive regulation) or decreases substrate binding (negative regulation)

Question 27

Feedback Inhibition

Answer 27

The first enzyme in a pathway that has the slowest rate thatt undergoes a pathway thatt results in a different end product. If we have too much of our end product they will regulate a spceficic protein in the pathway to minimize the amount of the product we want

Question 28

When a glucose molecule undergoes aerobic respiration how many atp are formed? What about anaerobic respiration?

Answer 28

38atp (less than 38 for anaerobic depending on the final electron acceptor)

Question 29

How many atp to make a 300 AA protein

Answer 29

900 (multiply by 3)