Why is cell division important for growth and repair?
Cell division creates more cells and replaces old, broken cells.
The type of cell division responsible for this in multicellular organisms is mitosis.
What are the phases of mitosis and cytokinesis?
The phases are PMAT:
* Prophase
* Metaphase
* Anaphase
* Telophase & Cytokinesis
What can errors in cell division lead to?
Errors can lead to faulty genetic information or an incorrect number of chromosomes, causing genetic disorders.
Examples include Down syndrome, Turner syndrome, and Klinefelter syndrome.
What are homologous pairs?
Chromosomes from each parent, similar but not identical.
Define alleles.
Different versions of the same gene, such as traits from parents like eye color.
What are genes?
Sections of DNA that code for traits or proteins, found on chromosomes.
What are sister chromatids?
Two identical copies of chromosomes formed during DNA replication.
What are daughter cells?
Two new cells produced during cell division that are identical in chromosome number.
How does mitosis contribute to growth in living things?
Mitosis allows organisms to grow by producing more cells.
What is the role of mitosis in repair?
Mitosis replaces damaged or dead cells to maintain healthy tissues and organs.
How do offspring inherit genetic information from parents?
Offspring inherit DNA containing genes from both parents during reproduction.
What are gametes?
Reproductive cells (sperm and egg) formed through meiosis.
What occurs during fertilization?
A sperm and an egg fuse, resulting in a diploid zygote.
What happens during prophase I of meiosis?
Homologous chromosomes pair up and crossing over occurs.
What is independent assortment?
Homologous chromosomes align independently during metaphase I, creating genetic variation.
What is gametogenesis?
The process of producing sex cells (gametes) during meiosis II.
How do mammals’ sex chromosomes determine biological sex?
Females have XX chromosomes, while males have XY chromosomes.
Define diploid and haploid cells.
Diploid cells have two sets of chromosomes (46 in humans); haploid cells have one set (23 in humans).
How does a child inherit genes from both parents?
Through meiosis, haploid gametes (egg and sperm) combine during fertilization to form a diploid zygote.
Who is Gregor Mendel?
The Father of Genetics, known for studying inheritance using pea plants.
What is the Law of Segregation?
Each individual has two alleles for each trait, which separate during gamete formation.
What is the Law of Dominance?
One allele may mask the other when two different alleles are present.
What is the Law of Independent Assortment?
Genes for different traits separate independently during gamete formation.
Define homozygous.
Both alleles are the same (e.g., AA or aa).
