Genetics & Inheritance Core Knowledge

Question 1

What is the result of meiosis?

Answer 1

4 genetically unidentical, haploid daughter cells

Question 2

What does haploid mean?

Answer 2

Half the number (one set) of DNA

Question 3

How many chromosomes does a human gamete contain?

Answer 3

23

Question 4

Why are gametes haploid?

Answer 4

When the gametes fuse it restores the full number of chromosomes

Question 5

What is the result of mitosis?

Answer 5

2 genetically identical, diploid daughter cells

Question 6

What does diploid mean?

Answer 6

Full number (two sets) of DNA

Question 7

How many chromosomes does a human body cell contain?

Answer 7

46

Question 8

What type of reproduction involves the fusing of male and female gametes?

Answer 8

Sexual

Question 9

What are the male and female gametes for animals?

Answer 9

Sperm and egg cells

Question 10

What are the male and female gametes for plants?

Answer 10

Pollen and egg cells

Question 11

What types of reproduction leads to genetically identical offspring as it only involves one parent?

Answer 11

Asexual

Question 12

Which cell division produces gametes?

Answer 12

Meiosis

Question 13

How many times does the cell divide in meiosis?

Answer 13

Twice

Question 14

Once gametes have fused to produce an embryo, the cell divides, what type of cell division is it?

Answer 14

Mitosis

Question 15

What are the advantages of sexual reproduction?

Answer 15

Produces variation in the offspring

Question 16

Why is variation so important?

Answer 16

So, if the environment changes variation gives a survival advantage by natural selection

Question 17

How can humans speed up natural selection?

Answer 17

Selective breeding

Question 18

What are the advantages of asexual reproduction?

Answer 18

As only one parent is needed it is more time and energy efficient so faster than sexual reproduction

Question 19

Which organisms are able to reproduce using both methods depending on circumstances?

Answer 19

Malarial parasites, fungi, bluebell plants, strawberry plants, daffodils

Question 20

Where do malarial parasites reproduce sexually and where do malarial parasites reproduce asexually?

Answer 20

Sexually – in mosquito gut

Asexually – in human liver and red blood cells

Question 21

What do fungi produce asexually?

Answer 21

Spores

Question 22

What do strawberry plants produce during asexual reproduction?

Answer 22

Runners

Question 23

What is DNA made up of?

Answer 23

Polymer of nucleotides which consist of phosphate group, pentose sugar and inorganic base

Question 24

What is a genome?

Answer 24

A genome is the complete set of genetic material in an organism.

Question 25

Why is it important to understand the human genome?

Answer 25

Search for genes linked to different types of disease, understanding and treatment of inherited disorders and use in tracing human migration patterns from the past.

Question 26

What type of structure is human DNA in?

Answer 26

Double helix

Question 27

What are the four different inorganic bases?

Answer 27

A, C, G and T

Question 28

What is a small section of DNA on a chromosome which codes for a particular sequence of amino acids?

Answer 28

A gene

Question 29

How many bases code for a particular amino acid?

Answer 29

3

Question 30

What are the two processes involved in protein synthesis?

Answer 30

Transcription and Translation

Question 31

What is involved in transcription?

Answer 31

Transcription is when the DNA is copied to form mRNA

Question 32

What is involved in translation?

Answer 32

Translation is when the mRNA is matched to tRNA which is attached to a particular amino acid.

Question 33

What is a phenotype?

Answer 33

The result of the protein expressed giving the individual its characteristic

Question 34

What is the non-coding DNA needed for?

Answer 34

Gene expression

Question 35

What are the complementary strands between the bases?

Answer 35

C and G, A and T

Question 36

Where does protein synthesis occur in the cell?

Answer 36

Ribosomes

Question 37

What type of proteins do the amino acids fold up to form?

Answer 37

Enzymes, hormones, collagens

Question 38

What is a mutation?

Answer 38

Change in the sequence of bases which might or might not alter the protein

Question 39

What happens if the mutation causes the protein to alter?

Answer 39

Change the shape of the active site so the substrate no longer fits

Question 40

What is a chromosome?

Answer 40

A chromosome is a long, thread-like structure made of DNA

Question 41

What is an allele?

Answer 41

An allele is a different version of a gene

Question 42

What is a dominant allele?

Answer 42

A dominant allele is one that is expressed even if only one copy is present

Question 43

What is a recessive allele?

Answer 43

A recessive allele only shows its expression if both copies of the gene are recessive

Question 44

What is a genotype?

Answer 44

A genotype is the genetic makeup of an organism — the combination of alleles it has for a particular trait

Question 45

What is a homozygous genotype?

Answer 45

A homozygous genotype means both alleles for a trait are the same

Question 46

What is a heterozygous genotype?

Answer 46

A heterozygous genotype means the alleles for a trait are different

Question 47

What characteristics are controlled by a single gene?

Answer 47

Fur colour in mice, red-green colour blindness, sweet pea colour and seed type

Question 48

What causes polydactyly?

Answer 48

Dominant allele

Question 49

What causes cystic fibrosis?

Answer 49

Recessive allele

Question 50

What is embryo screening?

Answer 50

A medical procedure used during in vitro fertilization (IVF) to examine embryos for genetic conditions before they are implanted into the uterus.

Question 51

What is the genotype which codes for female?

Answer 51

XX

Question 52

What is the genotype which codes for male?

Answer 52

XY