1
Q
what does the bony pelvis connect and protect?
A
- connects vertebral column to the lower limbs
- protects internal organs
2
Q
what 4 bones is the bony pelvis made of?
A
- ilum
- pubis
- ischium
- sacrum
3
Q
where is the bony pelvis joined together? (male) (2)
A
- sacroiliac joint
- pubic symphysis
4
Q
where is the perineum located? (male)
A
- between the thighs
- most inferior part of the pelvic outlet
5
Q
what is the pelvic cavity and perineum separated by? (male)
A
- pelvic floor muscles superiorly
6
Q
what systems does the perinuem support? (2) (male)
A
- genitourinary
- gastrointestinal
systems
7
Q
what is the perineum important for? (male) (3)
A
- micturition
- defecation
- sexual intercourse
8
Q
nerve supply to bony pelvis? (male)
A
- S2, S3, S4
- pudendal nerve
9
Q
what two layers is the scrotum made from?
A
- heavily pigmented skin
- dartos muscle
10
Q
testes suspended in the scrotum by the ____
A
- spermatic cord
11
Q
the scrotum is externally seperated by the ___ and internally by the ____
A
- scrotal raphe
- scrotal septum
12
Q
what does the scrotum help do?
A
- regulate the temperate of the testes
13
Q
what are the testes?
A
- paired gonads in phenotypically XY individuals
14
Q
what does the testes produce? (2)
A
- sperm
- testosterone
15
Q
how is the testes developed?
A
- begin on the posterior abdominal wall
- descend through abdominal wall
- into scrotum
16
Q
what are the testes covered by?
A
- tunica vaginalis (aka. peritoneum dragged through abdominal wall as testes descend)
17
Q
where is the spermatic cord formed?
A
- opening of inguinal canal
18
Q
what does the spermatic cord contain?
A
- several neurovascular structures (vans derfernes)
19
Q
what is the spermatic cord veered by? (3)
A
- external spermatic fascia
- cremaster muscle
- internal spermatic fascia
20
Q
6 contents of the spermatic cord?
A
- ductus (vas) deferens
- testicular artery (branch of aorta)
- cremasteric artery and vein (to supply cremaster muscle)
- artery to ductus (vas) deferens
- pampiniform plexus of veins
- nerves and lymphatics
21
Q
what three layers of muscle is the ductus deferens made of?
A
- outer longitudinal
- middle circular
- inner longitudinal
22
Q
what is the journey of sperm? (7)
A
- begins in teste
- travels through ductus (vas) deferens
- through spermatic chord
- through abdominal wall
- over pelvis inlet
- behind the bladder
- passes the seminal vesicles
23
Q
what is the tunica albuginea?
A
- fibrous capsule that encloses the testes and creates lobules
24
Q
what are lobules? (3)
A
- made by tunica albuginea
- contains seminiferous tubules
- contains interstitial fluid
25
seminferous tubules contain sertoli cells which are involved in _____
- sperm maturation
26
insterstitial fluid contains leydig cells which are involved in _____
- testosterone production
27
at the onset of puberty, GnRH starts to be produced by the ____
- hypothalamus
28
in puberty for males, when GnRH is produced, the anterior pituary gland _____ for the first time
- releases FSH and LH
29
FSH stimulates ___ in males
- sertoli cells
30
in males, LH stimulates ____
- leydig cells
31
in male stimulation of FSH and LH stimulates what? (2)
- the onset of spermatogenesis
- development of secondary sex characteristics
32
human semen composition (%) (4)
- 4% sperm from teste via ductus deferens
- 65% seminal vesicles
- 30% prostate
- 1% bulbourethral glands
33
where is the seminal gland located?
- between posterior wall of bladder and rectum
34
what % of fluid is made up in seminal gland?
- 65%
35
What can low volumes of seminal fluid show?
- indicates a problem with the seminal vesicles or prostate
36
secretions from the seminal glands are discharged into the ____ which penetrate ____
- ejaculatory ducts
- muscular wall of prostate
37
how can the prostate gland be palpated?
- through the rectum
38
what % of seminal fluid is produced by prostate?
- 30%
39
prostatic fluid ejected into the ____ by ____ of the prostatic muscular wall
- prostatic urethra
- peristaltic contractions
40
what is bulbourethral gland?
- small, pea sized glands located at the base of the penis
41
what does the bulbourethal gland secrete?
- thick, alkaline mucus
- neutralises urinary acids that may be still be present in urethra
42
what does the bony pelvis connect and protect?
- connects vertebral column to the lower limbs
- protects internal organs
43
what bones is pelvis made from? (female) (4)
- the sacrum
- ilium
- pubis
- ischium
44
where and what parts of the bony pelvis joined together
- sacroiliac joint
- pubic symphysis
45
where is the perineum located in female anatomy?
- between thighs
- most inferior part of the pelvic outlet
46
what is the perineum and pelvic cavity separated by in females?
- superiorly by the pelvic floor muscles
47
what does the perineum support in females?
- genitourinary
- gastrointestinal
systems
48
when is the perineum functionally important in females?
- during micturition
- defecation
- sexual intercourse
- childbirth
49
what nerves supply the female pelvis? (2)
- sciatic nerve
- pudendal nerve
50
define mons pubis
- mound of subcutaneous fat
- located anterior to the pubic symphysis
51
define labia majora
- two hair-bearing skin folds extending from the mons pubis to the posterior commissure
52
define clitoris
- located within the clitoral hood
- formed from the corpa cavernosa erectile tissue
53
define vestibule
- contains the opening of the vaina and uretha
- situated between the labia minora
54
define greater vestibular gland
- secrete lubricating mucus during sexual arousal
- same embryological origin as bulbourethral glands
55
clitoris' function
- sexual pleasure
56
what is the clitoris' made of?
- erectile tissue and muscles
57
what tissue and muscle is in the clitoris?
- corpus cavernosum (erectile tissue)
- surrounded by ischiocavernosus muscle
58
what is the corpus spongiosum surrounded by in the clitoris
- bulbospongiosus muscle
59
how much urine can the female bladder hold?
- 400-600ml
60
what is the rugae?
- folded internal lining of the female bladder
61
what is the trigone?
- smooth triangular area in the female bladder
62
what is detrusor muscle?
- forms the thick muscular walls of female bladder
- innervated by autonomic nerves
63
what are the ovaries?
- paired gonads in phenotypical XX individuals
64
how are the ovaries attached to the uterus?
- ovarian ligament
65
how are the ovaries attached to the body wall?
- suspensory ligament
66
what is the blood supply for ovaries?
- ovarian artery branches from abdominal aorta
- level L2
67
what are the three layers of the uterine wall?
- perimetrium (peritoneum)
- myometrium
- endometrium
68
what is the cervix?
- inferior portion of the uterous
- connects vagins and body of uterous
69
What two parts is the cervix made out of?
- endocervical canal - uterine cavity begins at internal oslined by mucus secreting simple columnar epithelium
- ectocervix - transitions to the endocervical canal at the external os-lined by stratified squamous non-keatinised epithelium
70
anatomical position of the vagina
- bladder and the urethra lie anteriorly
- rectum and rectouterine pouch lie posteriorly
71
what is the vagina?
an elastic muscular tube which is highly distensible
72
3 major biological functions of the vagina
- forms inferior portion of the birth canal
- passageway for the elimination of menstrual fluids
- sexual activity for reproduction, receives penis and ejaculatory fluids
73
how is the vagina lubricated?
- mucus secreted by the cervix
- greater vestibular gland during sexual arousal
74
where are the hormones for the menstrual cycle released from?
- brain
- ovaries
75
hormones from the brain in the menstral cycle (3)
- gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)
- follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
- luteinising hormone (LH)
76
hormones released from the ovary in menstruation (3)
- oestrogen
- inhibin
- progestrone
77
what happens with hormones at the start of a menstrual cycle? (3)
- hypothalamus secretes GnRH
- GnRH stimulates FSH & LH release from the anterior pituitary gland into blood
- FSH and LH enter ovaries through capillaries
78
what happens days 1-14 (follicular stage) of the menstrual cycle? (5)
- FSH stimulates follicule maturation
- maturing follicles produce and release oestrogen
- at low levels, this inhibits LH release
- oestrogen levels continue to rise at high levels it no longer inhibits LH
- LH levels rise and triggers ovulation
79
what happens at ovulation?
- ruptured follicle turns into corpus luteum (dead follicle)
- drop in GnRH, LH and FSH levels
80
what happens days 15-28 (luteal phase) of the menstrual cycle
- corpus luteum secretes progesterone, inhibin and oestrogen
- progesterone inhibits GnRH, inhibin inhibits FSH high levels of progestrone
- oestrogen builds
- maintains endometrium
81
what happens when the corpus luteum degenerates in the menstrual cycle?
as the corpus luteum starts to degenerate the hormones stop being produced, causes;
- prostagladin release
- endometrium lining to shed
- leading to menstruation
- stops inhibition of GnRH, LH and FSH
- corpus luteum degenerates into the corpus albicans (scar tissue)
82
what are prostagladins and what do they do?
- lipid compunds
- causes constriction of blood vessels
- ischemia of the endometrium
- lining sheds off
- results in primary dysmenorrhea
