Geography processes and landforms

Question 1

What are the 4 types of erosion

Answer 1

Hydraulic action, attrition, solution, abrasion

Question 2

Hydraulic Action

Answer 2

When the power of the waves forces air and water into the rock, causing faults

Question 3

Solution

Answer 3

When salts or chemicals try to dissolve the rocks they touch.

Question 4

solution example

Answer 4

sea water dissolves certain rocks like limestone, chalk

Question 5

Abrasion

Answer 5

The wave picks up rocks which rub against the cliff faces. The rocks smoothen the surfaces like sandpaper

Question 6

Attrition

Answer 6

When angular (sharp) rocks get picked up and knock against eachother. The sharp corners become smaller, smoother and rounder

Question 7

Longshore drift

Answer 7

The movement of material in the direction of the prevailing wind along the coast by the repeated swash and backwash. It goes from west to east

Question 8

Which way do sediments move in? (lsd)

Answer 8

West to east

Question 9

Longshore drift steps

Answer 9

1) Waves approach the beach in the direction of the prevailing wind
2) Breaking waves force sediemnt up the beach as swash
3) Backwash moves sediemnt back down the beach under gravity at right angles
4) The material is transpoted along the coast from west to east

Question 10

Deposition

Answer 10

When material that is being transported is dropped

Question 11

When will deposition occur

Answer 11

• wave enters shallow water
• wave enters a sheltered area e.g a bay
• when the wave has less energy becuase the wind is less strong
• the wave is overloaded

Question 12

What are the 3 processes at the coast

Answer 12

erosion, transportation and deposition

Question 13

swash

Answer 13

the water that rushes up the beach when the wave is at shore

Question 14

t

backwash

Answer 14

the movement of water running down the beach

Question 15

Headland

Answer 15

a section of land jutting out into the sea

Question 16

bay

Answer 16

A concave section of coastline next to a headland

Question 17

headland and bay forming key vocab (13)

Answer 17

erosion, hydraulic action, abrasion, destructive waves, headland, differntial erosion, bay, chalk, bands of rock, clay, limestone, concave

Question 18

boulder clay

Answer 18

softer part of a headland

Question 19

how is a cave formed

Answer 19

lines of weakness (faults) occur in headlands, abrasion/hydraulic action erodes the faults to form a cave. Over time the cave is widened and deepened

Question 20

How is an arch formed

Answer 20

Eventually, the sea cuts through the cave forming an arch, The sea erodes the foot of the arch and widens it. Once the roof of the arch becomes too heavy. It collapses

Question 21

How is a stack formed

Answer 21

Part of the former cliff is not isolated as a stack, over time the stack is under cut and collapses

Question 22

How is a stump formed

Answer 22

It’s the remainder of the eroded stack

Question 23

cave, stack arch, stump vocab

Answer 23

large crack, small fissure, cave, arch, stack, stump

Question 24

undercutting

Answer 24

When the base of a cliff has been eroded leaving an unsupported piece of rock

Question 25

wave cut notch

Answer 25

A dent in the cliff usually at level of high tide, It marks the maximum impact of a destructive wave at the base of a cliff

Question 26

wave cut platform

Answer 26

It is found at the base of a sea cliff. These huge areas of flat sloping rock are most obvious at low tide.

Question 27

How is a wave cut notch formed

Answer 27

Waves attack the base of the cliff through abrasion, hydraulic action, solution... Over time the cliff will be undercut, a wave-cut notch is formed. Eventually it becomes unstable and collapses

Question 28

How is a wave-cut platform formed

Answer 28

Further cliff retreat will form a wave cut platform - a gently sloping rock ledge at low tide.

Question 29

how does a bar form

Answer 29

A bar is when the spit creates a bar like shape due to the accumulation of sand. Bars form over bays. This is formed since there is no estuary to interrupt the flow of the spit. A lagoon is also created.

Question 30

how does a tombolo form

Answer 30

a tombolo is created when longshore drift creates a spit. The prevailing wind blows in the same direction . The spit continues and finally a tombolo is formed as the spit attaches onto an island.