GI

Question 1

Causes of vomiting

Answer 1

1. GERD
2. Pharyngeal pouch
3. Bilious bowel obstruction
4. Oesophageal stricture
5. Infection
6. Gastroparesis secondary to diabetes

Question 2

Causes of diarrhoea

Answer 2

1. Infection: C. difficile
2. IBD
3. Food allergy/ intolerance e.g. coeliac
4. IBS
5. Constipation with overflow
6. Malignancy
7. Medication e.g. laxatives

Question 3

Causes of Jaundice

Answer 3

1. Hepatitis
2. Liver cirrhosis
3. Biliary obstruction

Question 4

Causes of Aphthous ulceration

Answer 4

1. B12 deficiency
2. Folate deficiency
3. Iron deficiency
4. Crohn’s disease

Question 5

Causes of Haematemesis

Answer 5

1. Oesophageal varice rupture
2. Mallory-Weiss tear
3. Peptic/ Duodenal ulcer

Question 6

Causes of Dysphagia

Answer 6

1. Oesophageal cancer
2. Secondary to stroke

Question 7

Causes of Odynophagia (pain when swallowing)

Answer 7

1. Oesophageal stricture
2. Infection e.g. Oesophageal candidiasis

Question 8

Causes of Abdominal Pain

Answer 8

Localised:
1. IBD
2. IBS
3. Appendicitis
4. Pancreatitis
5. Gall stones
6. Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm
7. Indigestion
8. Diverticulitis
9. Oesophageal issues can radiate e.g. MW tear or ruptured OV
10. Cardiomyopathy
Generalised:
12. Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis

Question 9

Causes of Abdominal Distension

Answer 9

4 F’s:
1. Fat
2. Fetus
3. Flatus (constipation)
4. Fluid (obstruction leading to fluid moving out)

Question 10

Causes of Constipation

Answer 10

1. Dehydration
2. Decreased bowel mobility
3. Medications e.g. opiates or anti-emetics; ondansetron

Question 11

Causes of Steatorrhea (fatty streaks in faeces)

Answer 11

1. Pancreatitis
2. Pancreatic Cancer
3. Biliary Obstruction
4. Coeliac Disease

Question 12

Causes of Malaena

Answer 12

1. Peptic/ Duodenal ulcer

Question 13

Causes of Haematochezia

Answer 13

1. Haemorrhoids
2. Anal fissures
3. Lower GI malignancy

Question 14

Systemic Symptoms associated with GI

Answer 14

1. Weight Loss (malnutrition or malignancy)
2. Fever
3. Pruritus (bile in blood due to obstruction)
4. Anorexia
5. Fatigue
6. Nausea

Question 15

Questions to ask for vomiting presentation

Answer 15

1. Presence of blood in vomit
2. Presence of bile in vomit
3. Volume of blood
4. Number of episodes
5. Severity of vomiting/ volume of vomit
6. Any medication taken for the vomit
7. Abdominal associated symptoms e.g. change in bowel habit, weight loss, abdominal pain, blood passage par rectum, retching, fainting

Question 16

Extraintestinal signs of IBD

Answer 16

A PIE SAC
A: apthous ulcer
P: pyoderma grangunosum
I: Iritis
E: Erythema nodosum
S: sclerosing cholangitis
A: arthritis
C: clubbing